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Around 15% of amacrine cells are neither GABAergic or glycinergic. [2] These amacrine cells are sometimes known as nGnG amacrine cells, and it is thought that transcription factors that act on progenitors decide the fate of amacrine cells. One transcription factor that was found to be selectively expressed in nGnG amacrine cells is Neurod6 [5]
Amacrine cells also produce lateral inhibition to bipolar cells [18] and ganglion cells to perform various visual computations including image sharpening. [19] The final visual signals will be sent to the thalamus and cerebral cortex , where additional lateral inhibition occurs.
AII (A2) amacrine cells are a subtype of amacrine cells. Amacrine cells are neurons that exist in the retina of mammals to assist in interpreting photoreceptive signals. AII amacrine cells serve the critical role of transferring light signals from rod photoreceptors to the retinal ganglion cells (which contain the axons of the optic nerve).
The mastoid antrum (tympanic antrum, antrum mastoideum, Valsalva's antrum) is an air space in the petrous portion of the temporal bone, communicating posteriorly with the mastoid cells and anteriorly with the epitympanic recess of the middle ear via the aditus to mastoid antrum (entrance to the mastoid antrum). These air spaces function as ...
Horizontal cells provide inhibitory feedback to rod and cone photoreceptors. [1] [2] They are thought to be important for the antagonistic center-surround property of the receptive fields of many types of retinal ganglion cells. [3] Other retinal neurons include photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells, amacrine cells, and retinal ganglion cells.
The amacrine cells are placed in the inner part of the inner nuclear layer, and are so named because they have not yet been shown to possess axis-cylinder processes. Their dendrites undergo extensive ramification in the inner plexiform layer.
The fourth compartment contains the nucleus and is a continuation of the IS region, known as the nuclear region. Finally, the fifth compartment is the synaptic region, where it acts as a final terminal for the signal, consisting of synaptic vesicles. In this region, glutamate neurotransmitter is transmitted from the cell to secondary neuron cells.
Bipolar cells effectively transfer information from rods and cones to ganglion cells. The horizontal cells and the amacrine cells complicate matters somewhat. The horizontal cells introduce lateral inhibition to the dendrites and give rise to the center-surround inhibition which is apparent in retinal receptive fields.