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HICAS (/ h aɪ k æ s /; High Capacity Actively Controlled Steering) is Nissan's rear wheel steering system [1] [2] which was fitted to cars from approximately 1985 to 2010, including models ranging from the Skyline (R31, R32, R33, and R34) and Fairlady Z (Z32) to smaller vehicles like the Nissan Cefiro (A31), Silvia (S13 & S15)/240SX/180SX and Nissan Serena/Nissan Largo.
However, it was criticized for having a rear engine, rear-wheel-drive layout while the Mini had paved the way for front engine, front-wheel drive small cars. But the main problem that soon damaged its reputation was poor quality control at the new, purpose-built Linwood plant, and an underdeveloped design that was rushed into production within ...
The fourth generation Nissan Altima (chassis model L32A) was announced at the 2006 New York International Auto Show on April 12, 2006. It was the first vehicle to use the smaller Nissan D platform, with a new front and upgraded rear suspension. The wheelbase is 1-inch (25 mm) shorter than the third-generation Altima, but interior space was ...
Land Rover developed a self-levelling rear suspension using the "Boge Hydromat" self-energising hydraulic strut. [13] Of similar construction to a hydraulic shock absorber the strut used the motion of the suspension travelling over bumps to pump itself back up to a pre-set height. It was sufficiently powerful to regain up to 85% of normal ride ...
The twist-beam rear suspension (also torsion-beam axle, deformable torsion beam, or compound crank) is a type of automobile suspension based on a large H- or C-shaped member. The front of the H attaches to the body via rubber bushings , and the rear of the H carries each stub-axle assembly, on each side of the car.
Change in camber due to cornering forces can cause loss of rear-wheel adhesion leading to oversteer—a dynamically unstable condition that can cause a vehicle to spin. This is an especially severe problem when a swing axle is used in a rear-engine design, because of the greater side-g forces on the rear wheels from the mass of the engine.
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A rear-end collision, often called rear-ending or, in the UK, a shunt, occurs when a forward-moving vehicle crashes into the back of another vehicle (often stationary) in front of it. Similarly, rear-end rail collisions occur when a train runs into the end of a preceding train on the same track . [ 1 ]