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Old Norse has three categories of verbs (strong, weak, & present-preterite) and two categories of nouns (strong, weak). Conjugation and declension are carried out by a mix of inflection and two nonconcatenative morphological processes: umlaut, a backness-based alteration to the root vowel; and ablaut, a replacement of the root vowel, in verbs.
Old Norse, also referred to as Old Nordic [1] ... Strong verbs ablaut the lemma's nucleus to derive the past forms of the verb. This parallels English conjugation, ...
However, Michael Benskin argues that Isaac's analysis is incorrect, and that in dialects where the Northern Subject Rule is present the absence of the verb ending -s is a development of the Old English ending -e, rather than a truly uninflected form. In Benskin's view the Northern Subject Rule would therefore be a true analogue of Welsh ...
The two main conjugations of verbs in present and past tense were also present. Like all other North Germanic languages (except West and South Jutlandic ), it used a suffix instead of a prepositioned article to indicate definiteness as in modern Scandinavian: man(n) ("man"); mannen ("the man").
The verb is conjugated in the present tense and belong to the mi-conjugation verbal class. In the first person plural, no *asweni or *esweni form is attested yet. [27] The verb "to be" can be omitted in the present tense in sentences containing a predicate nominative (e.g., "I am a man"), thus creating a nominal sentence. [28]
Verb conjugations are given by stem class, and Gordon often gives the historical reasons for particular changes in word form. There are also notes on the text selections, particularly glosses of difficult lines, as well as notes on differences between branches of Old Norse, both phonologically and in writing.
This was also the only allowed construction in Old Norse. There are reflexive verbs in Nynorsk just like the other Scandinavian languages, and these are not the same as passives. [53] Examples are synast (think, looks like), kjennast (feels), etc. The reflexive verbs have their own conjugation for all tenses, which passives do not.
This has been claimed as the origin of the Old Norse and later Scandinavian languages' present stem: Old Norse em, ert, er, erum, eruð, eru; the second person forms of which were borrowed into English as art and are. [3] [page needed] It has also been seen as the origin of the Latin imperfect (eram, eras, erat) and future tenses (ero, eris, erit).