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Sentences are then built up out of atomic sentences by applying connectives and quantifiers. A set of sentences is called a theory; thus, individual sentences may be called theorems. To properly evaluate the truth (or falsehood) of a sentence, one must make reference to an interpretation of the theory.
Many, if not most, undecidable problems in mathematics can be posed as word problems: determining when two distinct strings of symbols (encoding some mathematical concept or object) represent the same object or not. For undecidability in axiomatic mathematics, see List of statements undecidable in ZFC.
A valid number sentence that is true: 83 + 19 = 102. A valid number sentence that is false: 1 + 1 = 3. A valid number sentence using a 'less than' symbol: 3 + 6 < 10. A valid number sentence using a 'more than' symbol: 3 + 9 > 11. An example from a lesson plan: [6] Some students will use a direct computational approach.
Algebraic number: Any number that is the root of a non-zero polynomial with rational coefficients. Transcendental number: Any real or complex number that is not algebraic. Examples include e and π. Trigonometric number: Any number that is the sine or cosine of a rational multiple of π.
The complete theory of a structure A is the set of all first-order sentences over the signature of A that are satisfied by A. It is denoted by Th(A). More generally, the theory of K, a class of σ-structures, is the set of all first-order σ-sentences that are satisfied by all structures in K, and is denoted by Th(K). Clearly Th(A) = Th({A ...
If φ has no free variables, that is, if φ is an atomic sentence, and it is satisfied by A, then one writes A ⊧ φ. In this case, one may also say that A is a model for φ, or that φ is true in A. If T is a collection of atomic sentences (a theory) satisfied by A, one writes A ⊧ T
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