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Media policy or media politics refers to decisions regarding legislation and political actions that organize, support, or regulate the media, particularly mass media and the media industry. [1] These actions are typically driven by pressures from public opinion, non-governmental organizations, or industry interest groups. In some cases, they ...
The media systems in Scandinavian countries are twin-duopolistic with powerful public service broadcasting and periodic strong government intervention. Hallin and Mancini introduced the Norwegian media system as Democratic Corporatist. [27] Newspapers started early and developed very well without state regulation until the 1960s.
The politico-media complex (PMC, also referred to as the political-media complex) is a name given to the network [1] of relationships between a state's political and ruling classes and its media industry. It may also encompass other interest groups, such as law (and its enforcement [2]), corporations and multinationals. The term PMC is used as ...
State media are typically understood as media outlets that are owned, operated, or significantly influenced by the government. [1] They are distinguished from public service media, which are designed to serve the public interest, operate independently of government control, and are financed through a combination of public funding, licensing fees, and sometimes advertising.
Centralisation or centralization (North American English; see English spelling differences) is the process by which the activities of an organisation, particularly those regarding planning, decision-making, and framing strategies and policies, become concentrated within a particular group within that organisation.
An ombudsman (/ ˈ ɒ m b ʊ d z m ən / OM-buudz-mən, also US: /-b ə d z-,-b ʌ d z-/-bədz-, -budz-[1] [2] [3]) is a government employee who investigates and tries to resolve complaints, usually through recommendations (binding or not) or mediation. They are usually appointed by the government or by parliament (often with a ...
Media democracy is a democratic approach to media studies that advocates for the reform of mass media to strengthen public service broadcasting and develop participation in alternative media and citizen journalism in order to create a mass media system that informs and empowers all members of society and enhances democratic values.
The concept of mediatization still requires development, and there is no commonly agreed definition of the term. [4] For example, a sociologist, Ernst Manheim, used mediatization as a way to describe social shifts that are controlled by the mass media, while a media researcher, Kent Asp, viewed mediatization as the relationship between politics, mass media, and the ever-growing divide between ...