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We propose dropping the outmoded notion of author in favor of the more useful and realistic one of contributor. [ 1 ] : 152 In the 2000s, prestigious journals such as Nature began requiring authors to provide information about what their contributions were, [ 12 ] but there was no widely-used or machine-readable standard for this.
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The first is the role of the reader, who is active, not passive, in the production of textual meaning. The reader fills in the "gaps" or areas of "indeterminacy" of the text. Although the "text" is written by the author, its "realization" (Konkritisation) as a "work" is fulfilled by the reader, according to Iser. Iser uses the analogy of two ...
Conceptual writing (often used interchangeably with conceptual poetry) is a style of writing which relies on processes and experiments.This can include texts which may be reduced to a set of procedures, a generative instruction or constraint, or a "concept" which precedes and is considered more important than the resulting text(s).
Ghost authorship occurs when an individual makes a substantial contribution to the research or the writing of the report, but is not listed as an author. [53] Researchers, statisticians and writers (e.g. medical writers or technical writers ) become ghost authors when they meet authorship criteria but are not named as an author.
The individual contributions made by authors to a joint work need not necessarily be equal in quality or quantity. [8] Nevertheless, the author has to show that his contribution to the joint work is copyrightable by itself. [7] [9] A contribution of mere ideas is not sufficient. [10] In order to be a joint author, one must contribute expression ...
The explicit definition of what a conceptual framework is and its application can therefore vary. Conceptual frameworks are beneficial as organizing devices in empirical research. One set of scholars has applied the notion of a conceptual framework to deductive, empirical research at the micro- or individual study level.