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Indeterminate form is a mathematical expression that can obtain any value depending on circumstances. In calculus, it is usually possible to compute the limit of the sum, difference, product, quotient or power of two functions by taking the corresponding combination of the separate limits of each respective function.
This is a list of limits for common functions such as elementary functions. In this article, the terms a , b and c are constants with respect to x . Limits for general functions
Other indeterminate forms, such as 1 ∞, 0 0, ∞ 0, 0 · ∞, and ∞ − ∞, can sometimes be evaluated using L'Hôpital's rule. We again indicate applications of L'Hopital's rule by = . For example, to evaluate a limit involving ∞ − ∞, convert the difference of two functions to a quotient:
According to Hankel (1871), the modern concept of limit originates from Proposition X.1 of Euclid's Elements, which forms the basis of the Method of exhaustion found in Euclid and Archimedes: "Two unequal magnitudes being set out, if from the greater there is subtracted a magnitude greater than its half, and from that which is left a magnitude ...
The previous remarks about indeterminate forms, iterated limits, and the Cauchy principal value also apply here. The function () can have more discontinuities, in which case even more limits would be required (or a more complicated principal value expression). Cases 2–4 are handled similarly. See the examples below.
Also, even if "arithmetic function" meant precisely what you want it to mean, it would still defeat the educational purpose of this list, because when you deal with limits, you have to be careful with every discontinuous function, not just the ones that appear in a historical list. Basically, "indeterminate form" is a incomplete list of red ...
L'Hôpital's rule - a method in calculus for evaluating indeterminate forms; Indeterminate form - a mathematical expression for which many assignments exist; NaN - the IEEE-754 expression indicating that the result of a calculation is not a number; Primitive notion - a concept that is not defined in terms of previously-defined concepts
This rule uses derivatives to find limits of indeterminate forms 0/0 or ±∞/∞, and only applies to such cases. Other indeterminate forms may be manipulated into this form. Given two functions f(x) and g(x), defined over an open interval I containing the desired limit point c, then if: