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Hypoestrogenism, or estrogen deficiency, refers to a lower than normal level of estrogen. It is an umbrella term used to describe estrogen deficiency in various conditions. Estrogen deficiency is also associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, [1] and has been linked to diseases like urinary tract infections [2] and osteoporosis.
Fuller Albright et al. in 1942 reported a syndrome with amenorrhea, estrogen deficiency, menopausal FSH levels, and short stature. They used the term "primary ovarian insufficiency" to distinguished POI from ovarian insufficiency secondary to a primary failure of pituitary FSH and other hormonal secretion.
Low testosterone can be identified through a simple blood test performed by a laboratory, ordered by a health care provider. Blood for the test must be taken in the morning hours, when levels are highest, as levels can drop by as much as 13% during the day and all normal reference ranges are based on morning levels. [9] [10]
Whether due to surgery or menopause, estrogen deficiency has also been shown to increase low-density lipoprotein (LDLc) and decrease high-density lipoprotein (HDLc) in women, whereas endogenous estrogen, exercise training, on caloric restriction without malnutrition have been found to do the opposite in eumenorrheic controls. [10]
Menopause is the state in which the menses ceasen to occur. This is seen throughout the years 49–52. [23] This termination of menses is associated with a dramatic drop in estrogen levels. The estrogen levels stated previously dramatically decrease to approximately 20 pg/ml [5] or less when menopause begins. Menopause falls under the umbrella ...
Along with chronological aging and photoaging, estrogen deficiency in menopause is one of the three main factors that predominantly influences skin aging. [ 25 ] Hormone replacement therapy consisting of systemic treatment with estrogen alone or in combination with a progestogen, has well-documented and considerable beneficial effects on the ...
Androgens do not stimulate endometrial proliferation in post menopausal women, and appear to inhibit the proliferation induced by estrogen to a certain extent. [62] There is insufficient highâquality evidence to inform women considering hormone replacement therapy after treatment for endometrial cancer. [63]
Atrophic vaginitis develops in 10-50% of postmenopausal women. Of those who are postmenopausal and have developed atrophic vaginitis, 50-70% develop symptoms. [1] [23] Around 30% of women with atrophic vaginitis discuss their symptoms with their primary healthcare provider.