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A hold-down may also refer to clamping device used to anchor a pipe to a structural steel element or concrete floor or allow movement of the pipe in an axial direction. [1] At the bottom, the hold down is connected to the concrete foundation or structural slab by an embedded or epoxied anchor bolt. At the top, the hold down is connected to a ...
When selecting an anchor, consider the element formwork and the ease of placement and securing of the anchor prior and during the pouring of the concrete. For example, some of the anchors shown in figures 4-6, can be placed into thin wall elements as the anchor chair maintains the position relative to the element thickness.
A bughole (or pinhole) is a small hole in the surface of a concrete structure caused by the expansion and eventual outgassing of trapped pockets of air in setting concrete. [1] [2] [3] Bugholes are undesirable, as they may compromise the structural integrity of concrete emplacements.
The cage is then lowered into the hole and the concrete is placed. Steel CSL tubes are preferred over PVC tubes because studies have shown that PVC tubes tend to debond from the concrete due to the heat of hydration process of concrete, resulting in erratic CSL test results. [1] [2] The tubes are filled with water as an intermediate medium.
Continuous flight augering can be used to construct a secant piled wall which can be used as a retaining wall or as shoring during excavation. Once initial piles are set with concrete, other shafts are augured between them, slicing into the original piles, with the new ones receiving rebar .
First the supports are built, then the pods are arranged in place, and finally the concrete is poured. This process may occur in three different approaches, however the basic method is the same in each: In situ: Formwork construction and pouring of concrete occur on site, then the slab is assembled (if required). [4]
Putlog holes or putlock holes [1] are small holes made in the walls of structures to receive the ends of poles (small round logs) or beams, called putlogs or putlocks, to support a scaffolding. [2] Putlog holes may extend through a wall to provide staging on both sides of the wall.
The difference in hydraulic head used to calculate the shear stress also does not factor in the energy dissipated due to flow recirculation and expansion losses downstream of the test specimen. Furthermore, estimating the diameter of the hole throughout the test using an assumed friction factor has been reported as problematic. [5] [6]