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"A negative norm of reciprocity represents the means by which individuals act against unfavourable treatments, and functions to keep balance in social systems". [6] In contrast to the positive reciprocity norm, the negative reciprocity norm emphasizes the return of unfavourable treatment as an appropriate response to a misdeed.
The social norm of reciprocity is the expectation that people will respond to each other in similar ways—responding to gifts and kindnesses from others with similar benevolence of their own, and responding to harmful, hurtful acts from others with either indifference or some form of retaliation.
Reciprocity ensures that one part of the pair (e.g., a question) creates an expectation for a corresponding response (for example, an answer). [49] Repair and Feedback: Reciprocity also involves responding to problems in communication, such as misunderstanding or ambiguity. Speakers use repairs to clarify or correct these concerns.
Reciprocity as a transactional pattern of interdependent exchanges; Reciprocity as a folk belief; Reciprocity as a moral norm; A generalized exchange involves indirect reciprocity between three or more individuals. [47] For example, one person gives to another and the recipient responds by giving to another person other than the first person.
The economic model of reciprocal altruism includes direct reciprocity and indirect reciprocity. Direct reciprocity is an immediate collaborative exchange that benefits everyone. Direct reciprocity was introduced by Robert Trivers [2] as a mechanism for the evolution of cooperation. The direct reciprocal is typically one-for-one: I incur the ...
Reciprocity selection suggests that one's altruistic act may evolve from the anticipation of future reciprocal altruistic behavior from others. [11] An application of reciprocity selection in game theory is the Tit-For-Tat strategy in prisoner's dilemma , which is the strategy that the player cooperate at the initial encounter, and then follow ...
Taken altogether, the Platinum Rule represents a gesture of kindness, and is an established norm in various industries, such as marketing, medical care, motivational speaking, and many others. [100] As a consequence, some argue the Golden Rule is outdated, self-absorbed, and grossly fails to consider the needs of others.
By complying with others' requests and abiding by norms of social exchange (i.e., the norm of reciprocity), individuals adhere to normative social influence and attain the goal of affiliation. [ 1 ] [ 3 ] An example of both normative and informational social influence is the Solomon Asch line experiments .