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A 16th-century engraving of Ptolemy. Ptolemy's Optics is a 2nd-century book on geometrical optics, dealing with reflection, refraction, and colour. The book was most likely written late in Ptolemy's life, after the Almagest, during the 160s. [1] The work is of great importance in the early history of optics. The Greek text has been lost completely.
The landmark event establishing the discipline of information theory and bringing it to immediate worldwide attention was the publication of Claude E. Shannon's classic paper "A Mathematical Theory of Communication" in the Bell System Technical Journal in July and October 1948.
A temporal illusion is a distortion in the perception of time. For example: estimating time intervals, e.g., "When did you last see your primary care physician?"; estimating time duration, e.g., "How long were you waiting at the doctor's office?"; and; judging the simultaneity of events (see below for examples). Main types of temporal illusions
Ibn al-Haytham was the first to correctly explain the theory of vision, [14] and to argue that vision occurs in the brain, pointing to observations that it is subjective and affected by personal experience. [15] He also stated the principle of least time for refraction which would later become Fermat's principle. [16]
Information flow (information theory) Information fluctuation complexity; Information–action ratio; Information projection; Information source (mathematics) Information theory and measure theory; Integrated information theory; Interaction information; Interactions of actors theory; Interference channel
Persistence of vision is the optical illusion that occurs when the visual perception of an object does not cease for some time after the rays of light proceeding from it have ceased to enter the eye. [1] The illusion has also been described as "retinal persistence", [2] "persistence of impressions", [3] simply "persistence" and other variations ...
Ptolemy, in his treatise Optics, held an extramission-intromission theory of vision: the rays (or flux) from the eye formed a cone, the vertex being within the eye, and the base defining the visual field. The rays were sensitive, and conveyed information back to the observer's intellect about the distance and orientation of surfaces.
Charles S. Peirce's theory of information was embedded in his wider theory of symbolic communication he called the semiotic, now a major part of semiotics. For Peirce, information integrates the aspects of signs and expressions separately covered by the concepts of denotation and extension , on the one hand, and by connotation and comprehension ...