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In particular, prostaglandins induce abdominal contractions that can cause pain and gastrointestinal symptoms. [8] [9] The use of certain types of birth control pills can prevent the symptoms of dysmenorrhea because they stop ovulation from occurring. Dysmenorrhea is associated with increased pain sensitivity and heavy menstrual bleeding. [10] [11]
Joint pain is a common symptom we all experience at some point or another. Painful joints can have a significant impact on quality of life and the ability to do daily activities.
The side effects of cyproterone acetate (CPA), a steroidal antiandrogen and progestin, including its frequent and rare side effects, have been studied and characterized.It is generally well-tolerated and has a mild side-effect profile, regardless of dosage, when it used as a progestin or antiandrogen in combination with an estrogen such as ethinylestradiol or estradiol valerate in women.
It can also cause depression or depressive symptoms and anxiety in some individuals. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Long-term side effects include Cushing's syndrome , steroid dementia syndrome , [ 27 ] truncal weight gain, glaucoma and cataracts , diabetes mellitus type 2 , and depression upon dose reduction or cessation. [ 28 ]
Abrupt termination of the drug commonly causes transient non-specific symptoms such as loss of appetite, upset stomach, vomiting, drowsiness, confusion, headache, fever, joint and muscle pain, peeling skin, and weight loss. [29] [30] These symptoms can be attributed to steroid withdrawal syndrome, adrenal insufficiency, or disease relapse. [29]
A number of diseases can cause bone pain, including the following: Endocrine, such as hyperparathyroidism, osteoporosis, kidney failure. [7]Gastrointestinal or systemic, such as celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity (both often occur without obvious digestive symptoms), inflammatory bowel disease (including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis).
The risk of venous thromboembolism with EE/CPA-containing birth control pills is similar to that with EE and gestodene-, desogestrel-, and drospirenone-containing birth control pills and about 50 to 80% higher than with EE and levonorgestrel-containing birth control pills.
Corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex of vertebrates, as well as the synthetic analogues of these hormones.Two main classes of corticosteroids, glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, are involved in a wide range of physiological processes, including stress response, immune response, and regulation of inflammation, carbohydrate metabolism ...