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The kernel of the sunflower is the brown part in the middle, and each set of the sunflower is the union of a petal and the kernel. In the mathematical fields of set theory and extremal combinatorics, a sunflower or -system [1] is a collection of sets in which all possible distinct pairs of sets share the same intersection.
Sunflowers with the Sun behind them. Sunflowers do not always point to the Sun. Flowering sunflowers face a fixed direction (often east) all day long, but do not necessarily face the Sun. [123] However, in an earlier developmental stage, before the appearance of flower heads, the immature buds do track the Sun (a phenomenon called heliotropism ...
Park entered Seoul National University in 2001 and received her B.S. in Mathematics Education in 2004. She worked as a mathematics teacher in secondary schools in Seoul from 2005 to 2011. She began her graduate studies at Rutgers University in 2014, [ 2 ] where she received her Ph.D. in 2020 under the supervision of Jeff Kahn . [ 3 ]
In mathematics, a dynamical system is chaotic if it is (highly) sensitive to initial conditions (the so-called "butterfly effect" [62]), which requires the mathematical properties of topological mixing and dense periodic orbits. [63] Alongside fractals, chaos theory ranks as an essentially universal influence on patterns in nature.
The most famous example is the sunflower head. This phyllotactic pattern creates an optical effect of criss-crossing spirals. In the botanical literature, these designs are described by the number of counter-clockwise spirals and the number of clockwise spirals. These also turn out to be Fibonacci numbers. In some cases, the numbers appear to ...
Lin completed his bachelor's and master's degrees in mathematics at National Taiwan University. [1] He then completed doctoral study at New York University in the United States in 1983, [1] and was a member of the Institute for Advanced Study between 1984 and 1985. [2]
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Umans studied at Williams College, where he completed a BA degree in Mathematics and Computer Science in 1996.He then received a PhD in Computer Science from University of California, Berkeley in 2000 under Christos Papadimitriou.