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The relative risk (RR) or risk ratio is the ratio of the probability of an outcome in an exposed group to the probability of an outcome in an unexposed group. Together with risk difference and odds ratio , relative risk measures the association between the exposure and the outcome.
and = / / = While the prevalence is only 9% (9/100), the odds ratio (OR) is equal to 11.3 and the relative risk (RR) is equal to 7.2. Despite fulfilling the rare disease assumption overall, the OR and RR can hardly be considered to be approximately the same. However, the prevalence in the exposed group is 40%, which means is not sufficiently small
Unlike case-control studies, they can be used to describe, not only the odds ratio, but also absolute risks and relative risks from prevalences (sometimes called prevalence risk ratio, or PRR). [1] [2] They may be used to describe some feature of the population, such as prevalence of an illness, but cannot prove cause and effect [citation needed].
Relative risks are affected by the prevalence of the condition in the reference group (in contrast to likelihood ratios, which are not), and this issue results in that the validity of post-test probabilities become less valid with increasing difference between the prevalence in the reference group and the pre-test probability for any individual.
Both the relative risk and odds ratio are relevant in retrospective cohort studies, but only the odds ratio can be used in case-control studies. Although most case-control studies are retrospective, they can also be prospective when the researcher still enrolls participants based on the occurrence of a disease as new cases occur. [citation needed]
Lifetime prevalence (LTP) is the proportion of individuals in a population that at some point in their life (up to the time of assessment) have experienced a "case" (e.g., a disease, a traumatic event, or, a behavior, such as committing a crime). Often, a 12-month prevalence (or some other type of "period prevalence") is provided in conjunction ...
Alternatively, one could group subjects based on their body mass index (BMI) and compare their risk of developing heart disease or cancer. Prospective cohort studies are typically ranked higher in the hierarchy of evidence than retrospective cohort studies [ 3 ] and can be more expensive than a case–control study .
The risk difference (RD), excess risk, or attributable risk [1] is the difference between the risk of an outcome in the exposed group and the unexposed group. It is computed as I e − I u {\displaystyle I_{e}-I_{u}} , where I e {\displaystyle I_{e}} is the incidence in the exposed group, and I u {\displaystyle I_{u}} is the incidence in the ...