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An electrosynthesis employing alternating current gives phenol from benzene. [27] The oxidation of toluene, as developed by Dow Chemical, involves copper-catalyzed reaction of molten sodium benzoate with air: C 6 H 5 CH 3 + 2 O 2 → C 6 H 5 OH + CO 2 + H 2 O. The reaction is proposed to proceed via formation of benzyoylsalicylate. [8]
To a stirred solution of p-(3-hydroxypropyl)phenol (152 mg, 1 mmol) and pyridine (0.3 mL) in acetonitrile (10 mL) at 0° was added a solution of IBTA (430 mg, 1 mmol) in acetonitrile (2 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes, diluted with water, and extracted with diethyl ether (3 × 10 mL).
Another major process involves the direct hydroxylation of phenol by acidic hydrogen peroxide: C 6 H 5 OH + H 2 O 2 → C 6 H 4 (OH) 2 + H 2 O Both hydroquinone and catechol are produced. Subsequent oxidation of the hydroquinone gives the quinone. [8] Quinone was originally prepared industrially by oxidation of aniline, for example by manganese ...
The Dakin oxidation is an organic redox reaction in which an ortho- or para-hydroxylated phenyl aldehyde (−CH=O) or ketone (>C=O) reacts with hydrogen peroxide in base to form a benzenediol and a carboxylate. Overall, the carbonyl group (C=O) is oxidized, and the hydrogen peroxide is reduced.
Via the Hock rearrangement, cyclohexylbenzene hydroperoxide cleaves to give phenol and cyclohexanone. Cyclohexanone is an important precursor to some nylons. [8] Starting with the alkylation of benzene with mixture of 1 and 2-butenes, the cumene process produces phenol and butanones. [5]
In the body, benzene is enzymatically converted to a series of oxidation products including muconic acid, phenylmercapturic acid, phenol, catechol, hydroquinone and 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene. Most of these metabolites have some value as biomarkers of human exposure, since they accumulate in the urine in proportion to the extent and duration of ...
Oxidative phenol couplings can occur through either inner sphere or outer sphere processes. In inner sphere processes, the phenolic substrate coordinates to the metal center to give a phenoxide complex. Oxidation to the phenoxide occurs via electron transfer or hydrogen atom abstraction.
Benzene is oxidized by the enzyme Cytochrome P450 to benzene oxide.. In chemistry, an arene oxide is an epoxide of an arene.Two important families of arene oxides are benzene oxides and naphthalene oxides as these are intermediates in the oxidative degradation of benzene and naphthalene, two common pollutants. [1]