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[6] [8] For example, during heavy exercise, electrolytes are lost in sweat, particularly in the form of sodium and potassium. [8] The kidneys can also generate dilute urine to balance sodium levels. [8] These electrolytes must be replaced to keep the electrolyte concentrations of the body fluids constant.
The urine concentrations of sodium, chlorine and potassium may be used to investigate conditions such as abnormal blood electrolyte levels, acute kidney injury, metabolic alkalosis and hypovolemia. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Other electrolytes that can be measured in urine are calcium , phosphorus and magnesium .
Reference ranges (reference intervals) for blood tests are sets of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test results from blood samples. Reference ranges for blood tests are studied within the field of clinical chemistry (also known as "clinical biochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure blood chemistry"), the ...
Because potassium concentrations are very low, they usually have little effect on the calculated gap. Therefore, omission of potassium has become widely accepted. This leaves the following equation: = [Na +] - ([Cl −] + [HCO − 3]) Normal AG = 8-16 mEq/L Expressed in words, the equation is: Anion Gap = sodium - (chloride + bicarbonate)
Sodium: 135 [1] 150 [1] mmol/L Potassium: 2.6 [1] 3.0 [1] mmol/L Chloride: 115 [1] 130 [1] mmol/L >100% [1] Calcium: 1.00 [1] 1.40 [1] mmol/L ~50% [1] Magnesium: 1.2 [1] 1.5 [1] mmol/L >100% [1] Iron: 0.2 [1] 0.4 [1] μmol/L
A simple means of estimating renal function is to measure pH, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and basic electrolytes (including sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate). As the kidney is the most important organ in controlling these values, any derangement in these values could suggest renal impairment.
There are trace elements in almost all potable water; some of these affect metabolism, such as sodium, potassium, and chloride, which are common in small amounts in most water. Other elements, such as fluoride, while beneficial in low concentrations, can cause dental and other problems at high levels. Fluid balance is important to health.
Once calcium is confirmed to be elevated, a detailed history taken from the subject, including review of medications, any vitamin supplementations, herbal preparations, and previous calcium values. Chronic elevation of calcium with absent or mild symptoms often points to primary hyperparathyroidism or Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia. For ...