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Intestinal parasites produce a variety of symptoms in those affected, most of which manifest themselves in gastrointestinal complications and general weakness. [1] Gastrointestinal conditions include inflammation of the small and/or large intestine , diarrhea / dysentery , abdominal pains , and nausea / vomiting .
Infection with Giardia typically results in a strong antibody response against the parasite. While IgG is made in significant amounts, IgA is believed to be more important in parasite control. IgA is the most abundant isotype in intestinal secretions, and it is also the dominant isotype in a mother's milk.
[10] [3] Contamination of natural waters also occurs in watersheds where intensive grazing occurs. Giardia infections occur worldwide. It is the most commonly identified intestinal parasite among children in day-care centers, hikers and immunocompromised patients. About 20,000 cases per year in the United States are reported. [11]
The parasite infects an amphibic snail [3] (Segmentina nitidella, Segmentina hemisphaerula, Hippeutis schmackerie, Gyraulus, Lymnaea, Pila, Planorbis (Indoplanorbis)) after being released by infected mammalian feces; metacercaria released from this intermediate host encyst on aquatic plants like water spinach, which are eaten raw by pigs and humans.
Medication is the primary treatment for pinworm infection. [26] However, reinfection is frequent regardless of the medication used. [8] Total elimination of the parasite in a household may require repeated doses of medication for up to a year or more. [9]
Main article: Human parasite Endoparasites Protozoan organisms Common name of organism or disease Latin name (sorted) Body parts affected Diagnostic specimen Prevalence Source/Transmission (Reservoir/Vector) Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis and Acanthamoeba keratitis (eye infection) Acanthamoeba spp. eye, brain, skin culture worldwide contact lenses cleaned with contaminated tap water ...
It is posited that the absence of exposure to certain parasites, bacteria, and viruses is playing a significant role in the development of autoimmune diseases in the more sanitized and industrialized Western nations. [17] [4] Lack of exposure to naturally occurring pathogens and parasites may result in an increased incidence of autoimmune diseases.
Symptoms of lung fluke infections (Paragonimus) depend on the parasite’s stage in its life cycle, and how it travels around in the lung. [9] [3] Trematodiases that impact the lungs can cause cough, headache, chest pain, high temperature and change in appetite. [1] [5] Intestinal trematodiases infect the gastrointestinal tract. [12]
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