Search results
Results from the WOW.Com Content Network
[94] [95] Cillies in the operation of the four-rotor Abwehr Enigma included four-letter names and German obscenities. Sometimes, with multi-part messages, the operator would not enter a key for a subsequent part of a message, merely leaving the rotors as they were at the end of the previous part, to become the message key for the next part.
All parts of the German Wehrmacht used the rotor cipher machine to encrypt their secret messages. Enigma.However, different models were used. While the army and air force used the Enigma I almost exclusively, there were different model variants of the Enigma-M for the navy, which usually referred to it as the "Schlüssel M".
The Enigma machine is a cipher device developed and used in the early- to mid-20th century to protect commercial, diplomatic, and military communication. It was employed extensively by Nazi Germany during World War II, in all branches of the German military. The Enigma machine was considered so secure that it was used to encipher the most top ...
The Polish Cipher Bureau used the theory of permutations to start breaking the Enigma cipher in late 1932. The Bureau recognized that the Enigma machine's doubled-key (see Grill (cryptology)) permutations formed cycles, and those cycles could be used to break the cipher. With German cipher keys provided by a French spy, the Bureau was able to ...
On 1 February 1942, the Enigma messages began to be encoded using a new Enigma version that had been brought into use. The previous 3-rotor Enigma model had been modified with the old reflector replaced by a thin rotor and a new thin reflector. Breaking Shark on 3-rotor bombes would have taken 50 to 100 times as long as an average Air Force or ...
The Enigma cipher machine relied on the users having some shared secrets. Here are the secret daily settings from a 1930 Enigma manual: [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Daily settings (shared secret): Rotor Order : II I III Ringstellung : 24 13 22 (XMV) Reflector : A Plugboard : A-M, F-I, N-V, P-S, T-U, W-Z Grundstellung: 06 15 12 (FOL)
A world map is a map of most or all of the surface of Earth. World maps, because of their scale, must deal with the problem of projection. Maps rendered in two dimensions by necessity distort the display of the three-dimensional surface of the Earth. While this is true of any map, these distortions reach extremes in a world map.
Gott, Goldberg and Vanderbei’s double-sided disk map was designed to minimize all six types of map distortions. Not properly "a" map projection because it is on two surfaces instead of one, it consists of two hemispheric equidistant azimuthal projections back-to-back. [5] [6] [7] 1879 Peirce quincuncial: Other Conformal Charles Sanders Peirce