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In certain cases, the transition from fetal to postnatal circulation may not occur as described above due to complications leading to persistently high pulmonary vascular resistance. Preterm infants are born without fully mature lungs lacking the surfactant compound that allows alveoli to remain open by overcoming the surface tension of water. [10]
Arm recoil is a neurological examination of neonate for ... The baby is placed supine, with forearm flexed at elbow. ... Quick return to full flexion, less than 90 ...
After the 10th week of gestation, the kidney grows at a much rapid rate than the adrenal glands. Hence with an increase in gestational time, i.e. by the 12th week of gestation, both the kidneys and adrenal glands measure the same. Post 12 weeks the kidneys measure more than the adrenal glands.
Ages are given as age from fertilization rather than as gestational age. Some sources contend that there is no voluntary movement until after birth. [3] Other sources say that purposive movement begins months earlier. [4] 3D ultrasound has been used to create motion pictures of fetal movement, which are called "4D ultrasound". [5]
Whereas the neurological criteria depend mainly upon muscle tone, the physical ones rely on anatomical changes. The neonate (less than 37 weeks of age) is in a state of physiological hypotonia. This tone increases throughout the fetal growth period, meaning a more premature baby would have a lesser muscle tone. It was developed in 1979. [1]
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When the baby is born, the lungs are needed for oxygen transfer and need high blood flow which is encouraged by low PVR. The failure of the circulatory system of the newborn to adapt to these changes by lowering PVR leads to persistent fetal circulation. [2] The newborn is therefore born with elevated PVR, which leads to pulmonary hypertension.
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), or fetal growth restriction, is the poor growth of a fetus while in the womb during pregnancy.IUGR is defined by clinical features of malnutrition and evidence of reduced growth regardless of an infant's birth weight percentile. [5]