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A visual proof of the Pythagorean theorem. Pre-algebra is a common name for a course taught in middle school mathematics in the United States, usually taught in the 6th, 7th, 8th, or 9th grade. [1] The main objective of it is to prepare students for the study of algebra. Usually, Algebra I is taught in the 8th or 9th grade. [2]
In mathematics, the Pythagorean theorem or Pythagoras' theorem is a fundamental relation in Euclidean geometry between the three sides of a right triangle.It states that the area of the square whose side is the hypotenuse (the side opposite the right angle) is equal to the sum of the areas of the squares on the other two sides.
Pythagorean theorem: It states that the area of the square whose side is the hypotenuse (the side opposite the right angle) is equal to the sum of the areas of the squares on the other two sides. The theorem can be written as an equation relating the lengths of the sides a, b and the hypotenuse c, sometimes called the Pythagorean equation: [6]
Thales' theorem, named after Thales of Miletus states that if A, B, and C are points on a circle where the line AC is a diameter of the circle, then the angle ABC is a right angle. Cantor supposed that Thales proved his theorem by means of Euclid Book I, Prop. 32 after the manner of Euclid Book III, Prop. 31. [15] [16]
It was the Pythagoreans who coined the term "mathematics", and with whom the study of mathematics for its own sake begins. The Pythagoreans are credited with the first proof of the Pythagorean theorem, [44] though the statement of the theorem has a long history, and with the proof of the existence of irrational numbers.
The Pythagorean theorem was known and used by the Babylonians and Indians centuries before Pythagoras, [216] [214] [217] [218] but he may have been the first to introduce it to the Greeks. [ 219 ] [ 217 ] Some historians of mathematics have even suggested that he—or his students—may have constructed the first proof . [ 220 ]
This theorem is considerably simpler to prove in the case of Hilbert spaces than in general Banach spaces. [80] The open mapping theorem is equivalent to the closed graph theorem, which asserts that a linear function from one Banach space to another is continuous if and only if its graph is a closed set. [81]
Later mathematicians in the Roman era include Diophantus (c. 214–298 AD), who wrote on polygonal numbers and a work in pre-modern algebra (Arithmetica), [36] [37] Pappus of Alexandria (c. 290–350 AD), who compiled many important results in the Collection, [38] Theon of Alexandria (c. 335–405 AD) and his daughter Hypatia (c. 370–415 AD ...
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