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Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea or paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea (PND) is an attack of severe shortness of breath and coughing that generally occurs at night. [1] It usually awakens the person from sleep, and may be quite frightening. [2]
Dizziness is a common medical complaint, affecting 20–30% of persons. [4] Dizziness is broken down into four main subtypes: vertigo (~25–50%), disequilibrium (less than ~15%), presyncope (less than ~15%), and nonspecific dizziness (~10%). [5] Vertigo is the sensation of spinning or having one's surroundings spin about them. Many people find ...
An individual may experience BPPV when rolling over to the left or right, upon getting out of bed in the morning, or when looking up for an object on a high shelf. [4] The cause of BPPV is the presence of normal but misplaced calcium crystals called otoconia , which are normally found in the utricle and saccule (the otolith organs) and are used ...
This is followed by gently bringing the head back to the starting position. The examiner then quickly rotates the head 90° to the right side and checks again for vertigo and nystagmus. [24] In this roll test, the person may experience vertigo and nystagmus on both sides, but rotating toward the affected side will trigger a more intense vertigo.
Dizziness affects approximately 20–40% of people at some point in time, while about 7.5–10% have vertigo. [3] About 5% have vertigo in a given year. [ 10 ] It becomes more common with age and affects women two to three times more often than men. [ 10 ]
Peripheral neuropathy may be classified according to the number and distribution of nerves affected (mononeuropathy, mononeuritis multiplex, or polyneuropathy), the type of nerve fiber predominantly affected (motor, sensory, autonomic), or the process affecting the nerves; e.g., inflammation (), compression (compression neuropathy), chemotherapy (chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy).
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Other symptoms include hoarseness, nausea, vomiting, a decrease in sweating, problems with body temperature sensation, dizziness, difficulty walking, and difficulty maintaining balance. Lateral medullary syndrome can also cause bradycardia, a slow heart rate, and increases or decreases in the patient's average blood pressure. [2]