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Hiberno-English [a] or Irish English (IrE), [5] also formerly sometimes called Anglo-Irish, [6] is the set of dialects of English native to the island of Ireland. [7] In both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, English is the dominant first language in everyday use and, alongside the Irish language, one of two official languages (with Ulster Scots, in Northern Ireland, being yet ...
Ulster English, [1] also called Northern Hiberno-English or Northern Irish English, is the variety of English spoken mostly around the Irish province of Ulster and throughout Northern Ireland. The dialect has been influenced by the local Ulster dialect of the Scots language , brought over by Scottish settlers during the Plantation of Ulster and ...
The Irish stops [t̪ˠ d̪ˠ] are common realizations of the English phonemes /θ ð/. Hiberno-English also allows /h/ where it is permitted in Irish but excluded in other dialects of English, such as before an unstressed vowel (e.g. Haughey /ˈhɑhi/) and at the end of a word (e.g. McGrath /məˈɡɹæh/).
In English (including Hiberno-English), the language is usually referred to as Irish, as well as Gaelic and Irish Gaelic. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] The term Irish Gaelic may be seen when English speakers discuss the relationship between the three Goidelic languages (Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Manx). [ 20 ]
The dialect of English spoken in Northern Ireland shows influence from the lowland Scots language. [12] There are supposedly some minute differences in pronunciation between Protestants and Catholics, the best known of which is the name of the letter h, which Protestants tend to pronounce as "aitch", as in British English, and Catholics tend to pronounce as "haitch", as in Hiberno-English.
clabber, clauber (from clábar) wet clay or mud; curdled milk. clock O.Ir. clocc meaning "bell"; into Old High German as glocka, klocka [15] (whence Modern German Glocke) and back into English via Flemish; [16] cf also Welsh cloch but the giving language is Old Irish via the hand-bells used by early Irish missionaries.
Green approximately marks the South-West Irish English dialect region. South-West Irish English (also known as South-West Hiberno-English) is a class of broad varieties of English spoken in Ireland's South-West Region (the province of Munster).
Hiberno-English has been heavily influenced by the Irish language, [57] and words derived from Irish, including whole phrases, continue to be a feature of English as spoken in Ireland: Slán ("goodbye"), Slán abhaile ("get home safely"), Sláinte ("good health"; used when drinking like "bottoms up" or "cheers").