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Enslaved Africans were sent to work in the gold mines, or in the island's ginger and sugar fields. [103] To maintain the slave workforce despite the high number of deaths, new slaves were imported regularly from Africa. [106] Across the Americas, some 70% of slaves worked on sugar plantations and related industries. [107]
This was partially due to the glut of Indians, both enslaved and free, who were available to work in the mines. Through practices such as encomienda, the repartimento and mita labor drafts, and later, wage labor, Spanish colonial authorities were able to compel Indians to participate in the backbreaking labor of the silver mines. [30]
The first Indians arrived in Mexico during the colonial era. During this period, thousands of Asians arrived via the Manila galleons, some of them as slaves termed chinos or indios chinos (literally "Chinese", regardless of actual ethnicity). The first record of an Asian in Mexico is from 1540; an enslaved cook originating from Calicut. [1]
In 1680, the Pueblos of New Mexico revolted against Spanish rule, killed or captured 422 Spaniards and expelled the remaining 1,946, including 426 Indian "servants" (most of whom were probably slaves) from New Mexico. The reasons for the revolt included the disruption of Pueblo trade with Apaches caused by Spanish slaving raids.
Then from 1595 to 1622, 322 slave ships delivered 50,525 slaves to Mexican ports once again. These slaves represented almost half of the total number of slaves brought to the Spanish West Indies. By 1810, they were about 625,000 free (a differentiation often forgotten) and 10,000 slaves distributed throughout Mexico and along the coasts and in ...
Mexico gained its independence from Spain, and from 1821 to 1846 California (called Alta California by 1824) was under Mexican rule. The Mexican National Congress passed the Colonization Act of 1824 in which large sections of unoccupied land were granted to individuals, and in 1833 the government secularized missions and consequently many civil authorities at the time confiscated the land from ...
Two key works by historian Charles Gibson, Tlaxcala in the Sixteenth Century (1952) [96] and his monograph The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule: A History of the Indians of the Valley of Mexico, 1519–1810 (1964) [97] were central in reshaping the historiography of the indigenous and their communities from the Spanish conquest to the 1810 Mexican ...
The Puebloans shadowed the Spaniards but did not attack. The Spaniards who had taken refuge in Isleta had also retreated southward on August 15, and on September 6 the two groups of survivors, numbering 1,946, met at Socorro. About 500 of the survivors were Native American slaves. They were escorted to El Paso by a Spanish supply train.