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A sequence of rooted trees labelled from a set of 3 labels (blue < red < green). The n th tree in the sequence contains at most n vertices, and no tree is inf-embeddable within any later tree in the sequence. TREE(3) is defined to be the longest possible length of such a sequence.
Of California's total plant population, 2,153 species, subspecies, and varieties are endemic and native to California alone, according to the 1993 Jepson Manual study. [4] This botanical diversity stems not only from the size of the state, but also its diverse topographies , climates, and soils (e.g. serpentine outcrops ).
The "Henley Oak", in Covelo, California, is the tallest known valley oak, at 47 m (153 ft). [7] [8] The branches have an irregular, spreading and arching appearance. During autumn, the leaves turn a yellow to light orange color but become brown later in the season. In advancing age, the branches droop. The trees have pewter-colored rippled bark ...
The root system is extensive. A tiny seedling may quickly send a taproot down 60 centimeters (24 in) seeking moisture and nutrients. A mature tree may have roots extending 75 meters (246 ft). Exposed trees battered by coastal winds are often twisted into beautiful sculptural shapes resembling large bonsai, and rarely exceed 12 m (39 ft) tall.
It can reproduce vegetatively with new growth sprouting from the root crown after the tree is top-killed by wildfire, logging, frost, or other events. [3] [2] While individual trees generally have a lifespan between 100 and 200 years, California black oak can live up to 500 years. [3] [2]
Each labelled rooted forest can be turned into a labelled tree with one extra vertex, by adding a vertex with label n + 1 and connecting it to all roots of the trees in the forest. There is a close connection with rooted forests and parking functions, since the number of parking functions on n cars is also (n + 1) n − 1.
In 1941, a stone retaining wall was constructed around the base of the tree to protect its roots from erosion. [2] In 1948, a series of cables were installed to help support the tree. [2] In 1969, the tree was fenced off to the public in order to protect its roots from being damaged from trampling. [2]
The altitudinal range of T. californica is from near sea level (but usually above 200 m) in the Coast Ranges to 2,500 m (8,200 ft) in the Sierra Nevada. [1] This shade-adapted, subcanopy tree is native to mountainous habitats in either the California Coast Ranges or the west slopes of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada mountain ranges in California, which are distant from the coast.