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Phenylpropanolamine (PPA), sold under many brand names, is a sympathomimetic agent used as a decongestant and appetite suppressant. [9] [1] [10] [11] It was once common in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.
Flunarizine is a selective calcium antagonist with moderate other actions including antihistamine, serotonin receptor blocking and dopamine D 2 blocking activity. Compared to other calcium channel blockers such as dihydropyridine derivatives, verapamil and diltiazem, flunarizine has low affinity to voltage-dependent calcium channels.
The phenylpropanoids are a diverse family of organic compounds that are biosynthesized by plants from the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine in the shikimic acid pathway. [1] Their name is derived from the six-carbon, aromatic phenyl group and the three-carbon propene tail of coumaric acid , which is the central intermediate in ...
Clemastine, also known as meclastin, is a first-generation H1 histamine antagonist (antihistamine) with anticholinergic properties (drying) and sedative side effects. [1] Like all first-generation antihistamines, it is sedating. [2] [3] Patented in 1960, it came into medical use in 1967. [4]
Halogenation of the alcohol in muriatic acid afforded 4-Chlorobenzhydryl chloride [134-83-8] (3). Alkylation with one equivalent of piperazine gives 1-(4-Chlorobenzhydryl)piperazine [303-26-4] ( 4 ). Alkylation of the remaining nitrogen with Cinnamyl Bromide [4392-24-9] ( 5 ) completed the synthesis of Clocinizine ( 6 ).
The most obvious application for cinnamaldehyde is as flavoring in chewing gum, ice cream, candy, e-liquid and beverages; use levels range from 9 to 4,900 parts per million (that is, less than 0.5%). It is also used in some perfumes of natural, sweet , or fruity scents .
Once ingested, the substance is absorbed quite rapidly and reaches a peak plasma concentration in 1–3 hours post-administration. [28] [2] [29] Cmax, the maximum level of the drug in the tested area (typically blood plasma), has been measured to be 275 ± 36 ng/mL; t max, the time to maximum concentration, was 3.0 ± 0.5 hours. [2]
Syncope; Hypotension; Hypertension; Redness and itching of the eyes; Altered taste; Conjunctivitis; Flatulence; Anorexia; Increased appetite; Salivation; Rectal bleeding