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Other causes [citation needed] Ingestion of ammonium chloride, hydrochloric acid, or other acidifying salts; The treatment and recovery phases of diabetic ketoacidosis; Volume resuscitation with 0.9% normal saline provides a chloride load, so that infusing more than 3–4L can cause acidosis; Hyperalimentation (i.e., total parenteral nutrition)
Losing fluids can lead to feelings of dehydration and dry mucous membrane. [4] [5] The second scenario that may lead to hyperchloremia is known as loss of hypotonic fluid which can be a direct result of loss of electrolyte fluid. Normally, water in the body is moving from an area of low ion concentration to an area of high ion concentration.
Fanconi syndrome or Fanconi's syndrome (English: / f ɑː n ˈ k oʊ n i /, / f æ n-/) is a syndrome of inadequate reabsorption in the proximal renal tubules [1] of the kidney.The syndrome can be caused by various underlying congenital or acquired diseases, by toxicity (for example, from toxic heavy metals), or by adverse drug reactions. [2]
The second is low total body water with normal body sodium. This can be caused by diabetes insipidus, renal disease, hypothalamic dysfunction, sickle cell disease, and certain drugs. [3] The third is increased total body sodium which is caused by increased ingestion, Conn's syndrome, or Cushing's syndrome. [3]
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to concepts related to infectious diseases in humans.. Infection – transmission, entry/invasion after evading/overcoming defense, establishment, and replication of disease-causing microscopic organisms (pathogens) inside a host organism, and the reaction of host tissues to them and to the toxins they produce.
Since opportunistic infections can cause severe disease, much emphasis is placed on measures to prevent infection. Such a strategy usually includes restoration of the immune system as soon as possible, avoiding exposures to infectious agents, and using antimicrobial medications ("prophylactic medications") directed against specific infections.
This can quickly determine if there are bacterial or viral species present in the CSF. If these are ruled out, as well as other causes such as parasitic or fungal causes, then the cause of the meningitis is likely noninfectious in nature. [2] DIAM is among these noninfectious causes of aseptic meningitis. [citation needed]
Pathogenic bacteria are bacteria that can cause disease. [1] This article focuses on the bacteria that are pathogenic to humans. Most species of bacteria are harmless and many are beneficial but others can cause infectious diseases. The number of these pathogenic species in humans is estimated to be fewer than a hundred. [2]