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In chemistry, a counterion (sometimes written as "counter ion", pronounced as such) is the ion that accompanies an ionic species in order to maintain electric neutrality. In table salt (NaCl, also known as sodium chloride) the sodium ion (positively charged) is the counterion for the chloride ion (negatively charged) and vice versa.
Counterion condensation is a phenomenon described by Manning's theory (Manning 1969), which assumes that counterions can condense onto polyions until the charged density between neighboring monomer charges along the polyion chain is reduced below a certain critical value.
Structure of the weakly coordinating anion [Al(OC(CF 3) 3) 4] −, [4] illustrating its high symmetry. Color code: green = F, red = O, blue = Al. A revolution in this area occurred in the 1990s with the introduction of the tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate ion, B[3,5-(CF
Salt metathesis is a common technique for exchanging counterions.The choice of reactants is guided by a solubility chart or lattice energy. HSAB theory can also be used to predict the products of a metathesis reaction.
Asymmetric counteranion directed catalysis (ACDC) [1] or chiral anion catalysis [2] in enantioselective synthesis is the "induction of enantioselectivity in a reaction proceeding through a cationic intermediate by means of ion pairing with a chiral, enantiomerically pure anion provided by the catalyst". [1]
The Krafft Temperature (T k) is based on the concentration of counter-ions (C aq). [8] Counter-ions are typically in the form of salt. Because the T k is fundamentally based on the C aq, which is controlled by surfactant and salt concentration, different combinations of the respective parameters can be altered. [8]
On the kitchen counter there was a spoon, a cotton ball, a lighter and the cap to a syringe. Jim Cagey, Patrick's father, describing the moment he discovered his son's body. Jason Cherkis / The Huffington Post
The Poisson–Boltzmann equation describes a model proposed independently by Louis Georges Gouy and David Leonard Chapman in 1910 and 1913, respectively. [3] In the Gouy-Chapman model, a charged solid comes into contact with an ionic solution, creating a layer of surface charges and counter-ions or double layer. [4]