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In geology, igneous differentiation, or magmatic differentiation, is an umbrella term for the various processes by which magmas undergo bulk chemical change during the partial melting process, cooling, emplacement, or eruption. The sequence of (usually increasingly silicic) magmas produced by igneous differentiation is known as a magma series.
It is important in the formation of igneous rocks because it is one of the main processes of magmatic differentiation. [1] Fractional crystallization is also important in the formation of sedimentary evaporite rocks.
Magmatic differentiation varies significantly based on various factors, most notably the presence of water. [2] An abundance of volatiles within magma chambers decreases viscosity and leads to the formation of minerals bearing halogens , including chloride and hydroxide groups.
The calc-alkaline magma series is one of two main subdivisions of the subalkaline magma series, the other subalkaline magma series being the tholeiitic series. A magma series is a series of compositions that describes the evolution of a mafic magma, which is high in magnesium and iron and produces basalt or gabbro, as it fractionally crystallizes to become a felsic magma, which is low in ...
Within the field of geology, Bowen's reaction series is the work of the Canadian petrologist Norman L. Bowen, [1] who summarized, based on experiments and observations of natural rocks, the sequence of crystallization of common silicate minerals from typical basaltic magma undergoing fractional crystallization (i.e. crystallization wherein early-formed crystals are removed from the magma by ...
Primary magmas have not undergone any differentiation and represent the starting composition of a magma. [96] In practice, it is difficult to unambiguously identify primary magmas, [ 97 ] though it has been suggested that boninite is a variety of andesite crystallized from a primary magma. [ 98 ]
It does so through magmatic activity or igneous activity, the production, intrusion and extrusion of magma or lava. Volcanism is the surface expression of magmatism. Magmatism is one of the main processes responsible for mountain formation .
Close-up view of a cumulate rock from Montana (scale: about 45 millimetres (1 + 3 ⁄ 4 in) across). Cumulate rocks are igneous rocks formed by the accumulation of crystals from a magma either by settling or floating.