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Ecological restoration, despite being focused on plants, may also have "umbrella species" for individual ecosystems and restoration projects. [109] For example, the Monarch butterfly is an umbrella species for conserving and restoring milkweed plant habitat, because Monarch butterflies require milkweed plants to reproduce.
The United Nations decade on Ecosystem Restoration began on World Environment Day, 5 June 2021. In a June 2021 report to help launch the decade, the UN called for nations to deliver on existing ecosystem restoration commitments, which in total add up to over 1 billion hectares, an area bigger than China. About half the world's GDP is directly ...
The ICUN compiled the “Red List”, evaluating the global conservation status of species based on the threat level. [15] The list separates species into threat levels ranging from least concern to extinct, aiding in directing efforts to mitigate species decline [16] This assessment evaluated factors contributing to species extinction like population size, trends, distributions, and threats.
The formula is the NPP = GPP - R. [4] The NPP is the overall efficiency of the plants in the ecosystem. Through having a constant efficiency in NPP, the ecosystem is then more sustainable. The GPP refers to the rate of energy stored by photosynthesis in plants. The R refers to the maintenance and reproduction of plants from the energy expended.
Forest restoration, when implemented appropriately, helps restore habitats and ecosystems, create jobs and income and is an effective nature-based solution to climate change. Moreover, according to FAO, forest and landscape restoration yields many benefits for the climate, including greenhouse gas emissions sequestration and reduction. [ 9 ]
Afforestation protects the biodiversity of plants and animals which allows the sustenance of ecosystems that provide clean air, soil fertilization, etc. [61] Forests support biodiversity conservation, providing habitats for about 80% of the world's biodiversity and contributing to ecosystem restoration and resilience. [23]
A reference ecosystem, also known as an ecological reference, is a "community of organisms able to act as a model or benchmark for restoration." [1] [2] [3] Reference ecosystems usually include remnant natural areas that have not been degraded by human activities such as agriculture, logging, development, fire suppression, or non-native species invasion.
This will involve a paradigm shift in the relationship between humans and nature. The ultimate goal of rewilding is the restoration of functioning native ecosystems containing the full range of species at all trophic levels while reducing human control and pressures. Rewilded ecosystems should—where possible—be self-sustaining.