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The two major innovations of the unit were the high-frequency ballast, which gave the lights greater intensity and eliminated flicker commonly found in off-the-shelf fluorescent tubes, and the Kino Flo tubes, which contained a number of special phosphors designed to eliminate the characteristic tints in the magenta-green spectrum which are present in most domestic fluorescent lights. [3]
Fluorescent lighting systems spread rapidly during World War II as wartime manufacturing intensified lighting demand. By 1951 more light was produced in the United States by fluorescent lamps than by incandescent lamps. [24] In the first years zinc orthosilicate with varying content of beryllium was used as greenish phosphor. Small additions of ...
1841 Arc-lighting is used as experimental public lighting in Paris. 1853 Ignacy Łukasiewicz invents the modern kerosene lamp. 1856 glassblower Heinrich Geissler confines the electric arc in a Geissler tube. 1867 Edmond Becquerel demonstrates the first fluorescent lamp. [5] 1874 Alexander Lodygin patents an incandescent light bulb.
In the 1970s, 34-watt energy-saving F40T12 fluorescent lamps were intoroduced in the United States. In the 1980s, T8 32-watt lamps were introduced, [8] but unlike the T8 tubes introduced in Europe, these T8s are not retrofits and require new matching ballasts to drive them. These ballasts were originally magnetic, but most today are electronic.
The Oxford History of World Cinema. Oxford University Press, 1999. Parkinson, David. History of Film. New York: Thames & Hudson, 1995. ISBN 0-500-20277-X; Rocchio, Vincent F. Reel Racism. Confronting Hollywood's Construction of Afro-American Culture. Westview Press, 2000. Salt, Barry. Film Style and Technology: History and Analysis 2nd Ed ...
The 2009 IECC requires that 50% of all permanent lamps be high efficacy lighting. The 2009 IECC, chapter 2 defines high efficacy lamps as compact fluorescent lamps, T-8 or smaller diameter linear fluorescent lamps, or lamps with a minimum efficacy of: [21] 60 lumens per watt for lamps > 40 watts,
A compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), also called compact fluorescent light, energy-saving light and compact fluorescent tube, is a fluorescent lamp designed to replace an incandescent light bulb; some types fit into light fixtures designed for incandescent bulbs.
Fluorescent lighting is more energy-efficient than incandescent lighting elements. However, the uneven spectrum of traditional fluorescent lamps may cause certain colors to appear different from when illuminated by incandescent light or daylight. The mercury vapor emission spectrum is dominated by a short-wave UV line at 254 nm (which provides ...