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MDR bacteria have seen an increase in prevalence in recent years [clarification needed] [2] and pose serious risks to public health. MDR bacteria can be broken into 3 main categories: Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and other . These bacteria employ various adaptations to avoid or mitigate the damage done by antimicrobials.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a group of gram-positive bacteria that are genetically distinct from other strains of Staphylococcus aureus. MRSA is responsible for several difficult-to-treat infections in humans. It caused more than 100,000 deaths worldwide attributable to antimicrobial resistance in 2019.
Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBLs) producing Gram-negative bacteria; Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) producing Gram-negatives; Multidrug-resistant Gram negative rods (MDR GNR) MDRGN bacteria such as Enterobacter species, E.coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis
This group of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria can evade or 'escape' commonly used antibiotics due to their increasing multi-drug resistance (MDR). [1] As a result, throughout the world, they are the major cause of life-threatening nosocomial or hospital-acquired infections in immunocompromised and critically ill patients who are most ...
Enterococcus faecium is a Gram-positive, gamma-hemolytic or non-hemolytic bacterium in the genus Enterococcus. [1] It can be commensal (innocuous, coexisting organism) in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals, [2] but it may also be pathogenic, causing diseases such as neonatal meningitis or endocarditis.
The evolution of bacteria on a "Mega-Plate" petri dish A list of antibiotic resistant bacteria is provided below. These bacteria have shown antibiotic resistance (or antimicrobial resistance). Gram positive Clostridioides difficile Clostridioides difficile is a nosocomial pathogen that causes diarrheal disease worldwide. Diarrhea caused by C. difficile can be life-threatening. Infections are ...
Once inside the body, the bacteria may spread to a number of body systems and organs, including the heart, where the toxins produced by the bacteria may cause cardiac arrest. Once the bacterium has been identified as the cause of the illness, treatment is often in the form of antibiotics and, where possible, drainage of the infected area.
MDR strains of Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii have become of most concern because they have been reported by hospitals all around the United States. There are many factors which could be contributed to the existence and spread of MDR gram-negative bacteria such as the: overuse or misuse of existing ...