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  2. Bolzano–Weierstrass theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolzano–Weierstrass_theorem

    Firstly, we will acknowledge that a sequence () (in or ) has a convergent subsequence if and only if there exists a countable set where is the index set of the sequence such that () converges. Let ( x n ) {\displaystyle (x_{n})} be any bounded sequence in R n {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} and denote its index set by I {\displaystyle I} .

  3. Sequence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence

    An infinite sequence of real numbers (in blue). This sequence is neither increasing, decreasing, convergent, nor Cauchy. It is, however, bounded. In mathematics, a sequence is an enumerated collection of objects in which repetitions are allowed and order matters. Like a set, it contains members (also called elements, or terms).

  4. Collatz conjecture - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collatz_conjecture

    The sequence of numbers involved is sometimes referred to as the hailstone sequence, hailstone numbers or hailstone numerals (because the values are usually subject to multiple descents and ascents like hailstones in a cloud), [5] or as wondrous numbers. [6] Paul Erdős said about the Collatz conjecture: "Mathematics may not be ready for such ...

  5. Erdős–Szekeres theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdős–Szekeres_theorem

    In mathematics, the Erdős–Szekeres theorem asserts that, given r, s, any sequence of distinct real numbers with length at least (r − 1)(s − 1) + 1 contains a monotonically increasing subsequence of length r or a monotonically decreasing subsequence of length s.

  6. List of integer sequences - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_integer_sequences

    Recamán's sequence: 0, 1, 3, 6, 2, 7, 13, 20, 12, 21, 11, 22, 10, 23, 9, 24, 8, 25, 43, 62, ... "subtract if possible, otherwise add": a(0) = 0; for n > 0, a(n) = a(n − 1) − n if that number is positive and not already in the sequence, otherwise a(n) = a(n − 1) + n, whether or not that number is already in the sequence. A005132: Look-and ...

  7. Peak algebra - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_algebra

    In mathematics, the peak algebra is a (non-unital) subalgebra of the group algebra of the symmetric group S n, studied by Nyman (2003).It consists of the elements of the group algebra of the symmetric group whose coefficients are the same for permutations with the same peaks.

  8. Fourier transform - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_transform

    In mathematics, the Fourier transform (FT) is an integral transform that takes a function as input and outputs another function that describes the extent to which various frequencies are present in the original function. The output of the transform is a complex-valued function of frequency.

  9. Dirac delta function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac_delta_function

    In applied mathematics, as we have done here, the delta function is often manipulated as a kind of limit (a weak limit) of a sequence of functions, each member of which has a tall spike at the origin: for example, a sequence of Gaussian distributions centered at the origin with variance tending to zero.

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