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Collin, Richard H. Theodore Roosevelt's Caribbean: The Panama Canal, the Monroe Doctrine & the Latin American Context (1990), 598pp. Graham, Terence. The Interests of Civilization: Reaction in the United States Against the Seizure of the Panama Canal Zone, 1903-1904 (Lund studies in international history, 1985).
The outbreak prompted the US to send troops in September, 1856 to protect the railroad stations. This was the first of many times that the US used troops to intervene in Panama. [15] The US used troops to suppress separatist uprisings and social disturbances on many occasions. [13]: 84–104
The attack by Napoleon, who deposed the Spanish monarch in 1807, led to the push for independence throughout South America by Simón Bolivar. [1] Though Bolivar did not set foot in Panama, he advocated for independence, declaring in his 1815 "Letter from Jamaica" that the independence of Panama would lead to commerce opportunities.
The territory was at the time controlled by the Republic of Colombia, but a US-supported revolt led to the separation of Panama and Colombia and the formation of the Republic of Panama in 1903 ...
The US government, working with separatists in Panama, engineered a Panamanian declaration of independence from Colombia, then sent US warships and marines to Panama. [ 33 ] See also: Separation of Panama from Colombia , Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty , and History of Panama (1964–1977)
The Republic of Panama became a protectorate of the larger country through two provisions whereby the United States guaranteed the independence of Panama and received in return the right to intervene in Panama's domestic affairs. For the rights it obtained, the United States was to pay the sum of US$10 million and an annuity, beginning 9 years ...
1 January – New Year's Day; 9 January – Martyrs' Day; 4 March – Carnival; 18 April – Good Friday; 1 May – Labour Day; 3 November – Separation Day from Colombia; 5 November – Colon Day; 10–11 November – Uprising of Los Santos; 28 November – Independence Day; 8 December – Mother's Day; 20 December – National Mourning Day
This accord, though welcomed in Panama, came too early to deal with a major problem concerning the US$250,000 annuity. The devaluation of the United States dollar in 1934 reduced its gold content to 59.6 percent of its former value. This meant that the US$250,000 payment was nearly cut in half in the new devalued dollars.