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The precise definition of democracy promotion has been debated for more than twenty-five years. The multiplicity of terms used is a manifestation of the plurality of opinions and approaches by international actors, be they governments, NGOs or other third parties.
The CAGE Distance Framework identifies Cultural, Administrative, Geographic and Economic differences or distances between countries that companies should address when crafting international strategies. [1] It may also be used to understand patterns of trade, capital, information, and people flows. [2]
Thus, some elements of the public sector are very close to the private sector, with the application of marketing tools posing no real problem (for example, postal services). In some cases, the same public body may offer both freely available fixed price services, and at the same time oblige citizens to respect norms or stipulations .
The South African Forum for Effective Planning and Development in 1995 defined integrated development planning as, ‘A participatory approach to integrate economic, sectoral, spatial, social, institutional, environmental and fiscal strategies in order to support the optimal allocation of scarce resources between sectors and geographical areas ...
Market development is a growth strategy that identifies and develops new market segments for current products. It involves marketing existing products in new markets. [1] A development strategy targets non-buying customers in currently targeted segments. It also targets new customers in new segments.
Critical junctures – which can be small events and accidents – may lead to institutional change or set institutions on paths from which it is hard to turn back from. This is in contrast to Rational Choice Institutionalism where the creation of institutions, as well as institutional change, reflects optimal and efficient outcomes for actors.
This is the most aggressive of the four strategies. It typically involves active programs to expand into new markets and stimulate new opportunities. New product development is vigorously pursued and offensive marketing warfare strategies are a common way of obtaining additional market share.
In the resource-based view, strategists select the strategy or competitive position that best exploits the internal resources and capabilities relative to external opportunities. Given that strategic resources represent a complex network of inter-related assets and capabilities, organisations can adopt many possible competitive positions.