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Knee effusion, informally known as water on the knee, occurs when excess synovial fluid accumulates in or around the knee joint. It has many common causes, including arthritis , injury to the ligaments or meniscus , or fluid collecting in the bursa , a condition known as prepatellar bursitis .
Episodes of knee swelling may coincide the menstrual cycle. In nearly all case reports, pregnancy seems to suppress the condition but after birth, during lactation, it returns. [1] In the main, patients are mostly free of other symptoms. Fever is rare. There no signs of local inflammation or lymphatic involvement. [3]
The approach to diagnosis depends on the joint involved. While aspiration of the joint is considered the gold standard of treatment, this can be difficult for joints such as the hip. Ultrasound may be used both to verify the existence of an effusion and to guide aspiration. [2]
Culture of the joint fluid or a blood sample if infectious arthritis is suspected. Analysis of a sample of synovial fluid to look for signs of an infection (infectious arthritis) or uric acid ...
For example, gout in ankles or gout in knee joints may also occur. Gout in hands is less common but can happen. In this situation, it usually affects small joints in the fingers.
The condition is usually painful, particularly when the joint is moved. The joint usually swells due to synovial fluid collection. Watercolour drawing of acute synovitis of the knee joint, showing the beginnings of the disintegration of the cartilage of the internal condyle. Painted by Thomas Godart. Medical Photographic Library
A bone spur (osteophyte) in the knee is mainly caused by wear and tear of the joint, leading to pain and stiffness. Learn more about the causes and treatment. Causes and Treatment of Bone Spurs in ...
The definitive diagnosis is isolation of the causative organism from the synovial fluid (joint fluid), but signs of inflammation in the joint fluid and imaging may also aid in the diagnosis. The treatment is a combination of systemic antibiotics , debridement of infectious and necrotic tissue and local antibiotics applied to the joint space.
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