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A g-factor (also called g value) is a dimensionless quantity that characterizes the magnetic moment and angular momentum of an atom, a particle or the nucleus.It is the ratio of the magnetic moment (or, equivalently, the gyromagnetic ratio) of a particle to that expected of a classical particle of the same charge and angular momentum.
Since a gyromagnetic factor equal to 2 follows from Dirac's equation, it is a frequent misconception to think that a g-factor 2 is a consequence of relativity; it is not. The factor 2 can be obtained from the linearization of both the Schrödinger equation and the relativistic Klein–Gordon equation (which leads to Dirac's).
In atomic physics, the Landé g-factor is a multiplicative term appearing in the expression for the energy levels of an atom in a weak magnetic field. The quantum states of electrons in atomic orbitals are normally degenerate in energy, with these degenerate states all sharing the same angular momentum. When the atom is placed in a weak ...
One g is the force per unit mass due to gravity at the Earth's surface and is the standard gravity (symbol: g n), defined as 9.806 65 metres per second squared, [5] or equivalently 9.806 65 newtons of force per kilogram of mass. The unit definition does not vary with location—the g-force when standing on the Moon is almost exactly 1 ⁄ 6 that
The convention defining the g-factor for composite particles, such as the neutron or proton, is =, where μ is the intrinsic magnetic moment, I is the spin angular momentum, and g is the effective g-factor. [34] While the g-factor is dimensionless, for composite particles it is defined relative to the nuclear magneton.
where the quantity in square brackets is the Landé g-factor g J of the atom (= and ) and is the z-component of the total angular momentum. For a single electron above filled shells s = 1 / 2 {\displaystyle s=1/2} and j = l ± s {\displaystyle j=l\pm s} , the Landé g-factor can be simplified into:
g factor may refer to: g factor (psychometrics), a model used to describe the commonality between cognitive ability test results; g-factor (physics), a quantity related to the magnetic moment of an electron, nucleus, or other particle; The g Factor: The Science of Mental Ability, a book by Arthur R. Jensen about the psychometric concept
The spin angular momentum of an electron is 1 / 2 ħ, but the intrinsic electron magnetic moment caused by its spin is also approximately one Bohr magneton, which results in the electron spin g-factor, a factor relating spin angular momentum to corresponding magnetic moment of a particle, having a value of approximately 2. [15]