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The patriarch hypothesis rests on three assumptions: Older males can reproduce. It is clear that older males do reproduce, as the oldest verified paternity is 94 years, 35 years beyond the oldest documented birth attributed to females. [9] The allele for slowing life history and extending longevity is not on the Y chromosome.
Matilda effect. The Matilda effect is a bias against acknowledging the achievements of women scientists whose work is attributed to their male colleagues. This phenomenon was first described by suffragist and abolitionist Matilda Joslyn Gage (1826–1898) in her essay, "Woman as Inventor" (first published as a tract in 1870 and in the North American Review in 1883).
Professor of biology Jerry Coyne sums up biological evolution succinctly: [3]. Life on Earth evolved gradually beginning with one primitive species – perhaps a self-replicating molecule – that lived more than 3.5 billion years ago; it then branched out over time, throwing off many new and diverse species; and the mechanism for most (but not all) of evolutionary change is natural selection.
[4] A popular definition, according to James Peoples and Garrick Bailey, is "female dominance". [5] Within the academic discipline of cultural anthropology , according to the OED , matriarchy is a "culture or community in which such a system prevails" [ 4 ] or a "family, society, organization, etc., dominated by a woman or women" without ...
A maternal effect is a situation where the phenotype of an organism is determined not only by the environment it experiences and its genotype, but also by the environment and genotype of its mother. In genetics , maternal effects occur when an organism shows the phenotype expected from the genotype of the mother, irrespective of its own ...
The history of scientific method considers changes in the methodology of scientific inquiry, not the history of science itself. The development of rules for scientific reasoning has not been straightforward; scientific method has been the subject of intense and recurring debate throughout the history of science, and eminent natural philosophers and scientists have argued for the primacy of ...
Matrilineality is the tracing of kinship through the female line. It may also correlate with a social system in which each person is identified with their matriline, their mother's lineage, and which can involve the inheritance of property and titles.
Second, the difference-in-differences (DID) method with a parallel trend assumption (2 groups would show a parallel trend if neither of them experienced the treatment effect) is a useful method to reduce the impact of extraneous factors and selection bias. [3] The differential effect of treatments (DET) was explored using several examples and ...