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(2) Protect against any anticipated threats or hazards to the security or integrity of personal information; (3) Protect against unauthorized access to and acquisition of personal information that is likely to result in a material risk of identity theft or other fraud to the individual to whom the information relates.
The Fourth Amendment may not protect informational privacy. Relevant exceptions to the Fourth Amendment's warrant requirement include "1) when consent to search has been given (Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 1973), (2) when the information has been disclosed to a third party (United States v.
The right to privacy is protected also by more than 600 laws in the states and by a dozen federal laws, like those protecting health and student information, also limiting electronic surveillance. [46] As of 2022 however, only five states had data privacy laws. [47]
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Westin defines privacy as "the claim of individuals, groups, or institutions to determine for themselves when, how, and to what extent information about them is communicated to others". Westin describes 4 states of privacy: solitude, intimacy, anonymity, and reserve. These states must balance participation against norms:
Lottery winners can remain anonymous in these states. Arizona* - prize winners of $100,000 or more. Arkansas* - Prize winners of $500,000 or more can remain anonymous for 3 years.
Anonymity is a shield from the tyranny of the majority. . . . It thus exemplifies the purpose behind the Bill of Rights and of the First Amendment in particular: to protect unpopular individuals from retaliation . . . at the hand of an intolerant society." However, anonymous online speech is not without limits.
A Brazilian citizen's privacy is protected by the country's constitution, which states: The intimacy, private life, honor and image of the people are inviolable, with assured right to indenization by material or moral damage resulting from its violation [ 22 ]