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If A is a set, then the absolute complement of A (or simply the complement of A) is the set of elements not in A (within a larger set that is implicitly defined). In other words, let U be a set that contains all the elements under study; if there is no need to mention U, either because it has been previously specified, or it is obvious and unique, then the absolute complement of A is the ...
A Venn diagram, also called a set diagram or logic diagram, shows all possible logical relations between a finite collection of different sets. These diagrams depict elements as points in the plane, and sets as regions inside closed curves. A Venn diagram consists of multiple overlapping closed curves, usually circles, each representing a set.
Not all sets are comparable in this way. For example, it is not the case either that R is a subset of P nor that P is a subset of R. It follows immediately from the definition of equality of sets above that, given two sets A and B, A = B if and only if A ⊆ B and B ⊆ A. In fact this is often given as the definition of equality.
Universe set and complement notation The notation L ∁ = def X ∖ L . {\displaystyle L^{\complement }~{\stackrel {\scriptscriptstyle {\text{def}}}{=}}~X\setminus L.} may be used if L {\displaystyle L} is a subset of some set X {\displaystyle X} that is understood (say from context, or because it is clearly stated what the superset X ...
The algebra of sets is the set-theoretic analogue of the algebra of numbers. Just as arithmetic addition and multiplication are associative and commutative, so are set union and intersection; just as the arithmetic relation "less than or equal" is reflexive, antisymmetric and transitive, so is the set relation of "subset".
This concept of a universe is reflected in the use of Venn diagrams. In a Venn diagram, the action traditionally takes place inside a large rectangle that represents the universe U. One generally says that sets are represented by circles; but these sets can only be subsets of U. The complement of a set A is then given by that portion of the ...
A Venn diagram is a representation of mathematical sets: a mathematical diagram representing sets as circles, with their relationships to each other expressed through their overlapping positions, so that all possible relationships between the sets are shown. [4]
The complement of an event A is usually denoted as A′, A c, A or A. Given an event, the event and its complementary event define a Bernoulli trial : did the event occur or not? For example, if a typical coin is tossed and one assumes that it cannot land on its edge, then it can either land showing "heads" or "tails."
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