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In its most general sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes can occur naturally or be induced by human activities, such as mining, fracking, and nuclear tests. The initial point of rupture is called the hypocenter or focus, while the ground level directly above it is the epicenter.
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Submarine earthquake, an earthquake that occurs underwater at the bottom of a body of water, especially an ocean. [17] Supershear earthquake, an earthquake in which the propagation of the rupture along the fault surface occurs at speeds in excess of the seismic shear wave (S-wave) velocity, causing an effect analogous to a sonic boom. [18]
The earthquake caused the destruction of both the city's parish church and the southwest bastion of the Fuerte de la Concepcion y del Triunfo, a Spanish fort that was built in the 18th-century. The president at the time of the event, Ramon Magsaysay , declared a state of calamity in the provinces of Misamis Occidental , Misamis Oriental , Lanao ...
Understanding the geological background on the site is a prerequisite for seismic hazard estimation. Formations of the rocks, subsurface structures, locations of faults, state of stresses and other parameters that contribute to possible seismic events are considered. Records of past earthquakes of the site are also taken into account. [81]
Historical earthquakes is a list of significant earthquakes known to have occurred prior to the early 20th century. As the events listed here occurred before routine instrumental recordings – later followed by seismotomography imaging technique, [1] observations using space satellites from outer space, [2] artificial intelligence (AI)-based early earthquake warnings [3] – they rely mainly ...
Basic horizontal-motion seismograph. The inertia of the round weight tends to hold the pen still while the base moves back and forth. A simple seismometer, sensitive to up-down motions of the Earth, is like a weight hanging from a spring, both suspended from a frame that moves along with any motion detected.
Seismology (/ s aɪ z ˈ m ɒ l ə dʒ i, s aɪ s-/; from Ancient Greek σεισμός (seismós) meaning "earthquake" and -λογία (-logía) meaning "study of") is the scientific study of earthquakes (or generally, quakes) and the generation and propagation of elastic waves through planetary bodies.