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Inbreeding depression is the reduced biological fitness that has the potential to result from inbreeding (the breeding of related individuals). The loss of genetic diversity that is seen due to inbreeding, results from small population size. [2] Biological fitness refers to an organism's ability to survive and perpetuate its genetic material.
Due to higher prenatal and postnatal mortality rates, some individuals in the first generation of inbreeding will not live on to reproduce. [31] Over time, with isolation, such as a population bottleneck caused by purposeful ( assortative ) breeding or natural environmental factors, the deleterious inherited traits are culled.
Amish represent a collection of different demes or genetically closed communities. [5] Since almost all Amish descend from about 500 18th-century founders, [citation needed] genetic disorders that come out due to inbreeding exist in more isolated districts (an example of the founder effect).
Inbreeding can result in inbreeding depression, which is the reduction of fitness of a given population due to inbreeding. Inbreeding depression occurs via appearance of disadvantageous traits due to the pairing of deleterious recessive alleles in a mating pair's progeny. [5]
Inbreeding in a population reduces fitness by causing deleterious recessive alleles to become more common in the population, and also by reducing adaptive potential. The so-called "50/500 rule", where a population needs 50 individuals to prevent inbreeding depression, and 500 individuals to guard against genetic drift at-large, is an oft-used ...
It is also important in animal breeding and, of course, in conservation genetics, because inbreeding depression may be a relevant factor determining the extinction risk of endangered populations, and because conservation programs can allow some breeding handling in order to control inbreeding. [3] In brief: due to purging, inbreeding depression ...
Inbreeding can lead to inbreeding depression within the population, and this can cause fewer offspring, more birth defects, more individuals prone to disease, decreased survival and reproduction (fitness), and decreased genetic diversity within the population.
These nations have a maternal mortality rate (MMR) of 6–20/100,000. Poorer nations with high birth rates can have an MMR more than 100 times higher. [ 2 ] In Africa, India & South East Asia, as well as Latin America, these complications of parturition may still be as prevalent as they have been throughout human history.