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Ego psychology is a school of psychoanalysis rooted in Sigmund Freud's structural id-ego-superego model of the mind. An individual interacts with the external world as well as responds to internal forces.
According to Freud as well as ego psychology the id is a set of uncoordinated instinctual needs; the superego plays the judgemental role via internalized experiences; and the ego is the perceiving, logically organizing agent that mediates between the id's innate desires, the demands of external reality and those of the critical superego; [3 ...
These defense mechanisms are used to handle the conflict between the id, the ego, and the superego. Freud noted that a major drive for people is the reduction of tension and the major cause of tension was anxiety. [10] He identified three types of anxiety; reality anxiety, neurotic anxiety, and moral anxiety.
In French psychoanalysis, the concept of the ego ideal is distinguished from that of the ideal ego (German: Idealich). [1] According to Jacques Lacan , it is the ideal ego, generated at the time of the infant's identification with its own unified specular image, that becomes the foundation for the ego's constant striving for perfection.
Loevinger describes the ego as a process, rather than a thing; [6] it is the frame of reference (or lens) one uses to construct and interpret one's world. [6] This contains impulse control and character development with interpersonal relations and cognitive preoccupations, including self-concept. [7]
In the first definitive book on defence mechanisms, The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence (1936), [7] Anna Freud enumerated the ten defence mechanisms that appear in the works of her father, Sigmund Freud: repression, regression, reaction formation, isolation, undoing, projection, introjection, turning against one's own person, reversal into the opposite, and sublimation or displacement.
The Self in Jungian psychology is a dynamic concept which has undergone numerous modifications since it was first conceptualised as one of the Jungian archetypes. [ 1 ] Historically, the Self , according to Carl Jung , signifies the unification of consciousness and unconsciousness in a person, and representing the psyche as a whole. [ 2 ]
Object relations theory is a school of thought in psychoanalytic theory and psychoanalysis centered around theories of stages of ego development. Its concerns include the relation of the psyche to others in childhood and the exploration of relationships between external people, as well as internal images and the relations found in them. [1]
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