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The vision of infants under one month of age ranges from 6/240 to 6/60 (20/800 to 20/200). [4] By two months, visual acuity improves to 6/45 (20/150). By four months, acuity improves by a factor of 2 – calculated to be 6/18 (20/60) vision. As the infant grows, the acuity reaches the healthy adult standard of 6/6 (20/20) at six months. [5]
An explorative study found, however, that 3- to 5-month-old infants can be taught independent standing, which was considered safe. [32] Passes objects between hands. [31] Some infantile reflexes, such as the palmar grasp reflex, go away. [31] Grabs objects using a raking grasp, where fingers rake at objects to pick them up. [31]
Infant cognitive development is the first stage of human cognitive development, in the youngest children. The academic field of infant cognitive development studies of how psychological processes involved in thinking and knowing develop in young children. [ 1 ]
The reflex normally integrates by three to four months of age, [12] though it may last up to six months. [13] Bilateral absence of the reflex may be linked to damage to the infant's central nervous system , while a unilateral absence could mean an injury due to birth trauma (e.g., a fractured clavicle or injury to the brachial plexus ).
The development of the nervous system in humans, or neural development, or neurodevelopment involves the studies of embryology, developmental biology, and neuroscience.These describe the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which the complex nervous system forms in humans, develops during prenatal development, and continues to develop postnatally.
Defects in neural development can lead to malformations such as holoprosencephaly, and a wide variety of neurological disorders including limb paresis and paralysis, balance and vision disorders, and seizures, [1] and in humans other disorders such as Rett syndrome, Down syndrome and intellectual disability. [2]
Mini-puberty is a transient hormonal activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis that occurs in infants shortly after birth. This period is characterized by a surge in the secretion of gonadotropins (LH and FSH) and sex steroids (testosterone in males and estradiol in females), similar to but less intense than the hormonal changes that occur in puberty during adolescence.
One possible explanation for childhood amnesia is the lack of neurological development of the infant brain, preventing the creation of long term or autobiographical memories. [2] The hippocampus and prefrontal cortex , two key structures in the neuroanatomy of memory, do not develop into mature structures until around the age of three or four.