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The Punnett square is a square diagram that is used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment. It is named after Reginald C. Punnett, who devised the approach in 1905. [3][4][5][6][7][8] The diagram is used by biologists to determine the probability of an offspring having a particular genotype.
This image actually shows two Karnaugh maps: for the function ƒ, using minterms (colored rectangles) and for its complement, using maxterms (gray rectangles). In the image, E () signifies a sum of minterms, denoted in the article as . The Karnaugh map (KM or K-map) is a method of simplifying Boolean algebra expressions.
Test cross types. A test cross involves crossing an individual organism with a dominant genotype or phenotype with another organism exhibiting a recessive genotype or phenotype. To better grasp the concept of test crossing, let's explore various types of crosses involving one or more genes of interest.
Dihybrid cross. Dihybrid cross is a cross between two individuals with two observed traits that are controlled by two distinct genes. The idea of a dihybrid cross came from Gregor Mendel when he observed pea plants that were either yellow or green and either round or wrinkled. Crossing of two heterozygous individuals will result in predictable ...
Reginald Punnett, unable to counter Yule's point, introduced the problem to G. H. Hardy, a British mathematician, with whom he played cricket. Hardy was a pure mathematician and held applied mathematics in some contempt; his view of biologists' use of mathematics comes across in his 1908 paper where he describes this as "very simple": [13]
Reginald Punnett. Reginald Crundall Punnett FRS (/ ˈpÊŒnɪt /; 20 June 1875 – 3 January 1967) [1][2][3][4][5] was a British geneticist who co-founded, with William Bateson, the Journal of Genetics in 1910. Punnett is probably best remembered today as the creator of the Punnett square, a tool still used by biologists to predict the ...
Sensitivity (true positive rate) is the probability of a positive test result, conditioned on the individual truly being positive. Specificity (true negative rate) is the probability of a negative test result, conditioned on the individual truly being negative. If the true status of the condition cannot be known, sensitivity and specificity can ...
In mathematics, a semigroup is an algebraic structure consisting of a set together with an associative internal binary operation on it. The binary operation of a semigroup is most often denoted multiplicatively (just notation, not necessarily the elementary arithmetic multiplication ): x ⋅ y , or simply xy , denotes the result of applying the ...
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