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Hyperchloremia. Hyperchloremia is an electrolyte disturbance in which there is an elevated level of chloride ions in the blood. [1] The normal serum range for chloride is 96 to 106 mEq/L, [2] therefore chloride levels at or above 110 mEq/L usually indicate kidney dysfunction as it is a regulator of chloride concentration. [3]
Generally, metabolic acidosis occurs when the body produces too much acid (e.g., lactic acidosis, see below section), there is a loss of bicarbonate from the blood, or when the kidneys are not removing enough acid from the body. Chronic metabolic acidosis is most often caused by a decreased capacity of the kidneys to excrete excess acids ...
Sodium bicarbonate (IUPAC name: sodium hydrogencarbonate[9]), commonly known as baking soda or bicarbonate of soda, is a chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3. It is a salt composed of a sodium cation (Na +) and a bicarbonate anion (HCO 3−). Sodium bicarbonate is a white solid that is crystalline but often appears as a fine powder.
Metabolic alkalosis is an acid-base disorder in which the pH of tissue is elevated beyond the normal range (7.35–7.45). This is the result of decreased hydrogen ion concentration, leading to increased bicarbonate (HCO− 3), or alternatively a direct result of increased bicarbonate concentrations. The condition typically cannot last long if ...
The bicarbonate buffer system is an acid-base homeostatic mechanism involving the balance of carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3), bicarbonate ion (HCO −. 3), and carbon dioxide (CO 2) in order to maintain pH in the blood and duodenum, among other tissues, to support proper metabolic function. [1] Catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ...
Intravenous sodium bicarbonate. C (=O) (O) [O-]. [Na+] Intravenous sodium bicarbonate, also known as sodium hydrogen carbonate, is a medication primarily used to treat severe metabolic acidosis. [2] For this purpose it is generally only used when the pH is less than 7.1 and when the underlying cause is either diarrhea, vomiting, or the kidneys. [3]
Lactic Acidosis refers to the process leading to the production of lactate by anaerobic metabolism. It increases hydrogen ion concentration tending to the state of acidemia or low pH. The result can be detected with high levels of lactate and low levels of bicarbonate. This is usually considered the result of illness but also results from ...
Bicarbonate (HCO−. 3) is a vital component of the pH buffering system [3] of the human body (maintaining acid–base homeostasis). 70%–75% of CO 2 in the body is converted into carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3), which is the conjugate acid of HCO−. 3 and can quickly turn into it. [citation needed]