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Sulfuric acid (American spelling and the preferred IUPAC name) or sulphuric acid (Commonwealth spelling), known in antiquity as oil of vitriol, is a mineral acid composed of the elements sulfur, oxygen, and hydrogen, with the molecular formula H 2 SO 4. It is a colorless, odorless, and viscous liquid that is miscible with water. [7] Structure ...
The oleum is then added to water to form sulfuric acid which is very concentrated. Since this process is an exothermic reaction, the reaction temperature should be as low as possible. Purification of the air and sulfur dioxide (SO 2) is necessary to avoid catalyst poisoning (i.e. removing catalytic activities). The gas is then washed with water ...
Mechanism for acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of an amide. Upon hydrolysis, an amide converts into a carboxylic acid and an amine or ammonia (which in the presence of acid are immediately converted to ammonium salts). One of the two oxygen groups on the carboxylic acid are derived from a water molecule and the amine (or ammonia) gains the hydrogen ion.
Concentrated sulfuric acid is a strong dehydrating agent that can strip available water molecules and water components from sugar and organic tissue. [141] The burning of coal and/or petroleum by industry and power plants generates sulfur dioxide (SO 2) that reacts with atmospheric water and oxygen to produce sulfurous acid (H 2 SO 3). [142]
In thermolysis, water molecules split into hydrogen and oxygen. For example, at 2,200 °C (2,470 K; 3,990 °F) about three percent of all H 2 O are dissociated into various combinations of hydrogen and oxygen atoms, mostly H, H 2, O, O 2, and OH. Other reaction products like H 2 O 2 or HO 2 remain minor. At the very high temperature of 3,000 ...
The first and faster [citation needed] process is the removal of hydrogen and oxygen as units of water by the concentrated sulfuric acid. This occurs because hydration of concentrated sulfuric acid is strongly thermodynamically favorable, with a standard enthalpy of reaction of −880 kJ/mol.
Water-reactive substances [1] are those that spontaneously undergo a chemical reaction with water, often noted as generating flammable gas. [2] Some are highly reducing in nature. [ 3 ] Notable examples include alkali metals , lithium through caesium , and alkaline earth metals , magnesium through barium .
Treatment of sulfur with hydrogen gives hydrogen sulfide.When dissolved in water, hydrogen sulfide is mildly acidic: [5] H 2 S ⇌ HS − + H +. Hydrogen sulfide gas and the hydrosulfide anion are extremely toxic to mammals, due to their inhibition of the oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin and certain cytochromes in a manner analogous to cyanide and azide.