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Literature from the 1950s raised concerns about phenothiazine-induced seizures in human patients. For this reason, caution has typically been advised when contemplating acepromazine use in epileptic canine patients, as it was widely believed to lower the seizures threshold.
Phenothiazine was formerly used as an insecticide and as a drug to treat infections with parasitic worms (anthelminthic) in livestock and people, but its use for those purposes has been superseded by other chemicals. Phenothiazine was introduced by DuPont as an insecticide in 1935. [15] About 3,500,000 pounds were sold in the US in 1944. [16]
Antipsychotics by class Generic name Brand names Chemical class ATC code Typical antipsychotics; Acepromazine: Atravet, Acezine: phenothiazine: N05AA04
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Fluphenazine is a typical antipsychotic of the phenothiazine class. [2] Its mechanism of action is not entirely clear but believed to be related to its ability to block dopamine receptors. [2] In up to 40% of those on long term phenothiazines, liver function tests become mildly abnormal. [6] Fluphenazine came into use in 1959. [7]
Trifluoperazine, marketed under the brand name Stelazine among others, is a typical antipsychotic primarily used to treat schizophrenia. [3] It may also be used short term in those with generalized anxiety disorder but is less preferred to benzodiazepines. [3]
Cyamemazine differs from other phenothiazine neuroleptics in that aside from the usual profile of dopamine, α 1-adrenergic, H 1, and mACh receptor antagonism, [9] it additionally produces potent blockade of several serotonin receptors, including 5-HT 2A, 5-HT 2C, and 5-HT 7.
Levomepromazine, also known as methotrimeprazine, is a phenothiazine neuroleptic drug.Brand names include Nozinan, Levoprome, Detenler, Hirnamin, Levotomin and Neurocil. It is a low-potency antipsychotic (approximately half as potent as chlorpromazine) with strong analgesic, hypnotic and antiemetic properties that are primarily used in palliative care.
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