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Signs and symptoms. "Encephalopathy" is a general term describing brain malfunctions and "toxic" asserts that the malfunction is caused by toxins on the brain. The most prominent characteristic of toxic encephalopathy is an altered mental status. Acute intoxication is a reversible symptom of exposure to many synthetic chemical neurotoxicants.
Neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicity is a form of toxicity in which a biological, chemical, or physical agent produces an adverse effect on the structure or function of the central and/or peripheral nervous system. [1] It occurs when exposure to a substance – specifically, a neurotoxin or neurotoxicant – alters the normal activity of the nervous ...
Neurotoxins are toxins that are destructive to nerve tissue (causing neurotoxicity). [3] Neurotoxins are an extensive class of exogenous chemical neurological insults [4] that can adversely affect function in both developing and mature nervous tissue. [5]
Toxic leukoencephalopathy. Toxic leukoencephalopathy is a rare condition that is characterized by progressive damage (-pathy) to white matter (-leuko-) in the brain (-encephalo-), particularly myelin, due to causes such as exposure to substance use, environmental toxins, or chemotherapeutic drugs. The prevalence of this disease is infrequent ...
Neuroinflammation is inflammation of the nervous tissue. It may be initiated in response to a variety of cues, including infection, traumatic brain injury, [1] toxic metabolites, or autoimmunity. [2] In the central nervous system (CNS), including the brain and spinal cord, microglia are the resident innate immune cells that are activated in ...
In excitotoxicity, nerve cells suffer damage or death when the levels of otherwise necessary and safe neurotransmitters such as glutamate become pathologically high, resulting in excessive stimulation of receptors. For example, when glutamate receptors such as the NMDA receptor or AMPA receptor encounter excessive levels of the excitatory ...
Static encephalopathy: Unchanging, or permanent, brain damage, usually caused by prenatal exposure to ethanol. Uremic encephalopathy: Arising from high levels of toxins normally cleared by the kidneys—rare where dialysis is readily available. Wernicke's encephalopathy: Arising from thiamine (B 1) deficiency, usually in the setting of alcoholism.
Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy (CSE) is a condition induced by long-term exposure to organic solvents, often—but not always—in the workplace, that lead to a wide variety of persisting sensorimotor polyneuropathies and neurobehavioral deficits even after solvent exposure has been removed. [1][2][3] This syndrome can also be referred ...