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A roller support cannot prevent translational movements in horizontal or lateral directions and any rotational movement but prevents vertical translations. [1] [5] Its reaction force is a single linear force perpendicular to, and away from, the surface (upward or downward). This support type is assumed to be capable of resisting normal ...
Surveying equipment, such as levels and theodolites, are used for accurate measurement of angular deviation, horizontal, vertical and slope distances. With computerisation, electronic distance measurement (EDM) , total stations , GNSS surveying and laser scanning have supplemented (and to a large extent supplanted) the traditional optical ...
Bond beam assemblies are most commonly used in construction using concrete masonry units, where special shapes allow the beam to blend with the wall construction.Bond beams encase steel reinforcing in grout or concrete, binding the structure together horizontally, and often interlocking with additional vertical reinforcement.
The pole of this local polar coordinate system is the vertical axis (pole O) of the total stations. The polar coordinates (r,f) with the pole are transformed using surveying software on a data collector to the Cartesian coordinates (x,y) of the known points.
Gradients are expressed as a ratio of vertical rise to horizontal distance; for example, a 1% gradient (1 in 100) means the track rises 1 vertical unit for every 100 horizontal units. On such a gradient, a locomotive can pull half (or less) of the load that it can pull on level track.
The first residential building of slipform construction; erected in 1950 in Västertorp, Sweden, by AB Bygging Later picture of the residential building in Västertorp. Slip forming, continuous poured, continuously formed, or slipform construction is a construction method in which concrete is placed into a form that may be in continuous motion horizontally, or incrementally raised vertically.
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Coursed masonry construction arranges units in regular courses. Oppositely, coursed rubble masonry construction uses random uncut units, infilled with mortar or smaller stones. [1] If a course is the horizontal arrangement, then a wythe is a continuous vertical section of masonry [2] one unit in thickness. A wythe may be independent of, or ...