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Martínez López de Letona J. (2007). La historia natural de la enfermedad como fuente esencial para la formulación del pronóstico (PDF). Madrid: HM. ISBN 978-84-612-7199-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-08-18. Bhopal, R. (2008). Concepts of Epidemiology. Integrating the ideas, theories, principles and methods of epidemiology (2nd ...
The following is a list of WHO recommended strains for the Northern Hemisphere influenza season. Starting in the 2012–2013 season, the recommendation shifted to include the composition of a quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV) that contains both influenza B lineages, alongside a trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) containing one influenza B lineage.
This is a timeline of influenza, briefly describing major events such as outbreaks, epidemics, pandemics, discoveries and developments of vaccines.In addition to specific year/period-related events, there is the seasonal flu that kills between 250,000 and 500,000 people every year and has claimed between 340 million and 1 billion human lives throughout history.
2–3 million 1–1.6% of Russian population [14] 1918–1922 Russia: 13 Cocoliztli epidemic of 1576: Cocoliztli 2–2.5 million 50% of Mexican population [12] 1576–1580 Mexico 14 1772–1773 Persian Plague: Bubonic plague 2 million – 1772–1773 Persia: 15 735–737 Japanese smallpox epidemic: Smallpox 2 million 33% of Japanese population ...
The second wave came with the influx of influenza A viruses, such as H1N1. [3] According to preliminary burden estimates for the 2019–2020 flu season (October 1, 2019 through April 4, 2020) there were between 39 and 56 million flu cases; 18–26 million doctor visits; 410,000 to 740,000 hospitalizations, and between 24,000 and 62,000 deaths.
Influenza A viruses can occasionally be transmitted from wild birds to other species, causing outbreaks in domestic poultry, and may give rise to human influenza pandemics. [1] [2] The propagation of influenza viruses throughout the world is thought to be in part by bird migrations, though commercial shipments of live bird products might also ...
The natural hosts of influenza viruses are pigs and birds, although it has probably infected humans since antiquity. [245] The virus can cause mild to severe epizootics in wild and domesticated animals. [246] Many species of wild birds migrate and this has spread influenza across the continents throughout the ages.
Between December 1988 and March 1989, 19 influenza H1N2 virus isolates were identified in 6 cities in China, but the virus did not spread further. [2]A(H1N2) was identified during the 2001–02 flu season (northern hemisphere) in Canada, the U.S., Ireland, Latvia, France, Romania, Oman, India, Malaysia, and Singapore with earliest documented outbreak of the virus occurring in India on May 31 ...